CH. 04 HW
protein synthesis
ribosomes
digestion
lysosomes
Photosynthesis
chloroplasts
movement
microtubules
Flagellum
movement
Cilia and flagella have the same basic structure, are made from microtubules, and aid in movement. Cilia are short and numerous and move back and forth. Flagella are longer, often occurring singly, and they undulate.
Compare and contrast cilia and flagella.
chromosomes
are tightly coiled bundles of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells.
Nucleus
is the most prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, and it houses most of a cell's DNA.
dna
is the self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information.
nuclear envelope
is the two-layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
rna
is used in all steps of protein synthesis and carries the genetic information of many viruses.
cellular respiration
mitochondria
plasma membrane
regulates transport
Nucleus
stores genetic information
If the lysosomes lack an enzyme needed to break down the compound, the cell will accumulate an excess of that compound.
How can defective lysosomes result in excess accumulation of a particular chemical compound in a cell?
c
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both __________; they are different in that chloroplasts, but not mitochondria, __________. a)have a double membrane ... contain DNA b)deal with energy transformations ... are found only in eukaryotes c)have an inner membrane and outer membrane ... carry out photosynthesis d)have many internal membranes that increase their internal surface area ... are found in plants e)have an internal arrangement of microtubules ... also have centrioles (Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both enclosed by two membranes.)
c
Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are __________ a)metabolically inactive b)reproducing c)metabolically active d)dead e)undergoing cell division
Pathways that transform energy and matter
Most of the living world depends on photosynthesis, which harnesses light from the sun to produce sugar molecules.
plasma membrane, one or more chromosomes, cytosol, and ribosomes
Name four structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall
Name three structures in plant cells that animal cells lack.
both organelles use membranes to organize enzymes and both provide energy to the cell. But chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight during photosynthesis, whereas mitochondria release energy from glucose during cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are only in photosynthetic plants and protists, whereas mitochondria are in almost all eukaryotic cells.
Name two similarities in the structure or function of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Name two differences.
Chloroplast
contains thylakoids converts solar energy to chemical energy found only in plant cells and some algae organelle of photosynthesis produces O2 as a waste product
Golgi apparatus
modifies and packages proteins
Cytoskeleton
provides support
central vacuole
regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds
d
A certain cell has a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region. Based on this information, it could be __________. a)an amoeba b)a yeast (fungus) cell c)a cell from a pine tree d)a bacterium e)a grasshopper cell
d
A plant cell was grown in a test tube containing radioactive nucleotides, the parts from which DNA is built. Later examination of the cell showed the radioactivity to be concentrated in the __________. a)central vacuole b)rough endoplasmic reticulum c)lysosomes d)nucleus e)smooth endoplasmic reticulum (DNA, in association with protein, is stored as chromatin)
nuclear pore
A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a
e
A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein used to build a cell's plasma membrane. The final protein in the plasma membrane was slightly different from the protein made by the ER. The protein was probably altered in the __________. a)nucleus b)smooth endoplasmic reticulum c)chloroplast d)mitochondrion e)Golgi apparatus (Vesicles carrying proteins from the ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus, where the proteins may be altered.)
Evolution
Because genes that increase resistance to cholera offer a survival advantage where the disease is common, those genes have slowly spread through the Bangladeshi population over the past 30,000 years
nucleus, nuclear pores, ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi apparatus
DNA controls the cell by transmitting genetic messages that result in protein production. Place the following organelles in the order that represents the flow of genetic information from the DNA through the cell: nuclear pores, ribosomes, nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus.
d
Different types of microscopes are suited to viewing objects of different sizes. What object would be effectively viewed only with a transmission electron microscope? a)a frog egg b)a muscle cell c)a nucleus d)an individual protein (Individual molecules would be viewed only with electron microscopes.)
a membrane is fluid because its components are not locked into place. A membrane is mosaic because it contains a variety of suspended proteins.
Explain how each word in the term fluid mosaic describes the structure of a membrane.
It implies that plant cells do not have mitochondria, when in fact they do.
Explain what is wrong with the following statement: "Plant cells have chloroplasts, and animal cells have mitochondria."
protein
From which important class of biological molecules are the microtubules of the cytoskeleton made?
c
How is it possible that antibiotics can target bacterial cells in your body without harming your own cells? a)The human immune system destroys antibiotics before they can harm any human cells. b)The kidneys filter out antibiotics before they can harm any human cells. c)Antibiotics target aspects of bacterial cells that human cells lack. d)Antibiotics only target bacterial DNA. e)Human cells are able to "fight off" antibiotics. (cell walls are targeted)
There is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleoid region.
How is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell different from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
d
Identify Structure A. a)phospholipid b)protein c)extracellular matrix d)glycoprotein e)cholesterol
e
Identify Structure D. a)cholesterol b)protein c)glycoprotein d)extracellular matrix e)phospholipid bilayer of membrane
nucleus, ribosome, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane
Place the following cellular structures in the order they would be used in the production and secretion of a protein: Golgi apparatus, nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosome, transport vesicle.
e
Polypeptides are assembled from _____. a)hexoses b)glycerol c)nucleotides d)proteins e)amino acids
d
RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____. a)a protein b)DNA c)a eukaryotic cell d)mRNA e)a polypeptide
interactions within biological systems: Only by acting together can organelles such as the nucleus, ER, and ribosomes express a genetic message
Several different organelles work together to carry out instructions in DNA.
a
Some poisons, such as cyanide and arsenic, bind to molecules involved in the synthesis of ATP. Following application of these poisons to a cell, most of them would be found in the __________. a)mitochondria b)central vacuole c)ER d)Golgi e)nucleus
Pathways that transform energy and matter: The energy in sunlight is transformed into the chemical energy of sugar molecules.
Sunlight can be used to drive the photosynthesis of sugars.
relationship of structure to function
Surrounding the plasma membrane of most prokaryotic cells is a rigid cell wall, which protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.
d
The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter
nucleolus
The round body that sits inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA is known as the
c
The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter
the conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in food molecules
What does photosynthesis accomplish?
a process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other food molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP
What is cellular respiration?
d
What is the advantage of the extensive infolding of the inner membrane of mitochondria? a)to increase the surface area for DNA replication b)to filter toxins c)to absorb more water d)to increase the surface area to maximize ATP production e)to increase the surface area for photosynthesis (inner folds are where most ATP is produced.)
c
What is the function of Structure E? a)detection of environmental change b)transport across the plasma membrane c)stabilization of the phospholipids d)structural support of the cell e)cell-cell communication
d
Which of the following organelles would be especially abundant in the pancreatic cells that produce digestive enzymes that function in the small intestine? a)lysosomes b)smooth endoplasmic reticulum c)microtubules d)rough endoplasmic reticulum e)mitochondria (enzymes are proteins and most proteins making organelles can be found on the)
e
Which of the following would be found in a eukaryotic animal cell? a)nucleoid region b)bacterial ribosome c)cell wall d)capsule e)mitochondrion
a
Which one of the following is the most likely consequence of a cell lacking functional lysosomes? a)The cell becomes crowded with undigested wastes. b)The cell dies from a lack of enzymes to mediate metabolic reactions. c)The cell is unable to grow to a mature size and always remains small. d)The cell is unable to reproduce. e)The cell dies because its ATP-synthesizing mechanisms are missing.
d
Which one of the following lists the steps involved in the production of new proteins in the appropriate order and correctly describes each step? a)ribosomes translate proteins into mRNA ... mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm ... information in DNA is transferred to mRNA b)information in DNA is transferred to mRNA ... mRNA travels from cytoplasm to nucleus ... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins c)DNA reads information from mRNA ... mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm ... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins d)information in DNA is transferred to mRNA ... mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm ... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins e)mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm ... information in DNA is transferred to mRNA ... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins
e
Which one of the following organelles is not surrounded by a membrane? a)lysosomes b)mitochondrionc)chloroplast d)nucleus e)ribosomes (_____ are organelles that may be free-floating in the cytosol or attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum.)
b
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? a)ribosome b)lysosome c)chloroplast d)Golgi apparatus e)plasmodesma
because many bacterial cells have walls, but no human cells do
Why do cell walls make good targets for antibiotic drugs?
the bilayer structure shields the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to water.
Why do phospholipids spontaneously form into a bilayer when placed in water?
golgi
processes proteins
Mitochondrion
produces CO2 as a waste product harvests chemical energy from food found in both animal cells and plant cells organelle of cellular respiration
a
How do flagella and cilia differ? a)Cilia are typically more numerous and move in a coordinated fashion. b)Only flagella contain microtubules. c)Flagella are possessed only by eukaryotic cells, and cilia are possessed only by prokaryotic cells. d)Flagella function in movement, but cilia only function to increase the surface area of the cell. e)Flagella are possessed only by sperm cells. (Both flagella and cilia aid in movement, but cilia do so in a coordinated back-and-forth motion.)
endomembrane system
Identify which of the following structures includes all the others in the list: rough ER, smooth ER, endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus.
information flow
If you think of the cell as a factory, then the nucleus is its control center. Here, the master plans are stored and orders are given.
a
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized? a)ribosomes b)nucleus c)peroxisome d)nucleoid region e)capsule
b
In which types of cells are mitochondria found? a)in neither plant cells nor animal cells b)in both plant and animal cells c)in plant cells but not animal cells d)in animal cells but not plant cells
c
Taxol is a drug that can kill rapidly dividing cells. When Taxol is added, cells are unable to complete cell division. Taxol most likely affects the function of __________. a)rough endoplasmic reticulum b)lysosomes c)microtubules d)ribosomes e)mitochondria (Microtubules are cytoskeletal components that influence the sorting of chromosomes during cell division.)
Smooth ER, rough er
The ER has two distinct regions that differ in structure and function. Lipids are synthesized within the _____ , and proteins are synthesized within the ______ .
a
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell. a)plasma membrane b)nucleoid region c)ribosome d)fimbriae e)cell wall
b
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____. a)pili b)microtubules c)intermediate filaments d)microfilaments e)tonofilaments
d
The endomembrane system does all of the following except __________. a)synthesize molecules b)store molecules c)divide the cell into compartments d)act as the control center of the cell e)export molecules
information flow: The precise DNA nucleotide sequence of a gene contains the information necessary to build a protein.
The genetic message contained in DNA is used to build proteins.
b
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule? a)protein synthesis b)protection c)propulsion d)DNA storage
protein synthesis
What is the function of ribosomes?
e
What is the most likely pathway to be taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? a)Golgi → ER → lysosome b)ER → Golgi → nucleus c)ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane d)Nucleus → Golgi → ER e)ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Chromosomes are made of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and proteins.
What is the relationship between chromosomes, chromatin, and DNA?
The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER through vesicles, processes the proteins, and then dispatches them in vesicles.
What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the ER in a protein-secreting cell?
A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene (DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.
What is the role of mRNA in making a protein?
ribosomes attached to the membrane
What makes rough ER rough?
d
What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA? a)RNA processing b)gene expression c)polypeptide formation d)transcription e)translation
a
What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA? a)RNA processing b)gene expression c)polypeptide formation d)transcription e)translation
e
What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein? a)RNA processing b)gene expression c)polypeptide formation d)transcription e)translation
c
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell? a)capsule b)fimbriae c)cell wall d)flagella e)nucleoid region
cellulose
What polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls?
d
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found? a)ribosomes b)nucleus c)peroxisome d)nucleoid region e)capsule
The cell wall gives plant cells rigidity. The central vacuole is used for storage. The chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis.
Which cell structures are present only in plants, not in animals? cell wall endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane central vacuole chloroplasts ribosomes
e
Why should we expect any antibiotic to become less effective over time? a)Standards for the production of drugs have become less stringent. b)Bacteria learn to move away from antibiotics. c)Antibiotics negatively affect cells of the body and reduce our ability to fight infection. d)Antibiotics are carried from bacterium to bacterium, so the lower the density of bacteria the less effective are the antibiotics. e)Natural selection leads to initially rare antibiotic-resistant bacteria becoming abundant.
b
You look into a microscope and view an unknown cell. What might you see that would tell you whether the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? a)a rigid cell wall b)a nucleus c)a plasma membrane d)ribosomes
d
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________. a)move actively b)perform photosynthesis c)store large quantities of food d)secrete a lot of material e)make a lot of ATP (The Golgi apparatus intercepts ER vesicles, modifies the contents for export, and repackages the material in a Golgi vesicle that can fuse with the plasma membrane.)
d
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. a)Cell walls b)Ribosomes c)Flagella d)Fimbriae e)Mitochondria
Mitochondrion
energy harvest
