Ch. 1-4 gov study guide

locke and consitituionalism

john Locke (1632-1704) defended the rule of law on the basis of its close relationship to individual freedom. Locke believed freedom could not exist without written law and that good government must follow certain precepts (for instance, taxes should not be levied without the consent of the people). To Locke, these rules constitute "laws" of the highest order because they embody what civil society is all about. They are laws above the law that place limitations on lawmakers. From Locke's concept of a higher law, the idea of constitutionalism evolved. As Locke noted (and as the inscription above the entrance to the Department of Justice building in Washington, DC, reads), "Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins.", wanted limits on gov constitutionalism The concept that the power and discretion of government and its o cials ought to be restrained by a supreme set of neutral rules that prevent arbitrary and unfair action by government; also called constitutionalism.

monarchy and tyranny

monarchies and tyrannies put power with rulers

architecture of liberty

new science of politics," an ingenious arrangement of political institutions designed to permit a large measure of liberty while guarding against the arbitrary exercise of power by compartmentalizing the functions of government, thus preventing the concentration of power. In The Federalist, Hamilton argued that the new U.S. Constitution would prevent "the extremes of tyranny and anarchy" that had plagued previous republics. He admonished his readers not to dwell on past examples: "The sci- ence of politics, like most other sciences, has received improvement

behavioral scientist as god

no freedom because behavior is conditioned, psychologists are priests, no progress towards good life with political action, frazier is control freak and sees himself as messiah , problem with the system is there is no check to make sure managers are doing job correctly

14th amendment

the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly guaranteed equal protection of the laws to all citizens, including former slaves living in the Deep South. equal protection The doctrine enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment that holds that the prohibitions placed on the federal government and the protections a orded American citizens under the Bill of Rights also apply to the states.

soft power

define: attractive, not coercive, get others to want what you want understand: apply:

federalism is contrast to

unitary system A system in which the government may choose to delegate a airs to local government.

rule of law

-Aristotle embraced the rule of law because the law represents "reason free from all passion."21 Therefore, a government of laws is superior to one of individuals, even though individuals (of cials, judges, the police) interpret and enforce the laws. -rule of law The concept that the power and discretion of government and its o cials ought to be restrained by a supreme set of neutral rules that prevent arbitrary and unfair action by government; also called constitutionalism.

1. political literacy 2. dirty hands 3. adolf eichman

1. ability to think and speak about politics 2. hitler rant about aryan race , german threatened by untermenschen (Inferior race) 3. nazi officer for jews, glorified bloody hands, exemplifies worst in human nature, schindler exemplifies best

2. country 3. justice 4. important measure of liberty 5. aristotle

2. sovereign state and its nation state, endearment, emotional dimension 3. fairness, distribution of rewards/burdens in society 4. question whether gov is just 5. greek philosopher, observed human beings alone use reason and language to declare what is advantageous and what is just/unjust, it is peculiarity of man with rest of animal world that he alone possess a perception of good/evil

clause 39

Clause 39, which guaranteed the accused an impartial trial and protection against arbi- trary imprisonment and punishment

Public administration

Define: how governments organize and operate, about how bureaucracies work and interact with citizens and each other Apply: examine budgets, procedures, processes in an attempt to improve efficiency and reduce waste and duplication Understand: one question deals with bureaucratic behavior is how/why do bureaucracies develop vested interests and special relationships (such as between pentagon and defense contractors, or department of commerce and trade associations) quite apart from laws and policies they are established to implement -political scientists who study this concentrate on case studies, paying attention to whether governmental power is exercised with public interest, -shares interest with policy studies which is output/input of gov, before policy can be implemented, ideas must be brought forward, congressional hearings heard, debated, policy analysts study effects and look for signs evidence of what is working or not

-madison opposed

Madison opposed Thomas Jefferson's proposal for recurring constitutional conventions because "every appeal to the people would carry an implication of some defect in the government, frequent appeals would, in a great measure, deprive the government of that veneration which time bestows on everything, and without which perhaps the wisest and freest governments would not pos- sess the requisite stability" and that even "the most rational government will not nd it a super uous advantage to have the prejudices of the community on its side."

dual federalism survived until depression era when

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt launched what political scientists often call "cooperative federalism"—a series of federally funded programs that, in time, rede ned the relationship between the national government and the states. From that time to the present, the federal government's power has expanded, and the states have taken a back seat. We turn next to a more detailed look at federalism.

science of behavioral engineering

arrange world where conflict occurs little as possible, concerned with means not ends, carefully programmed use of rewards and punishments to instill desired patterns of behavior in an individual or animal, -positive reinforcement not punishment, for self restraint frazier has teachers hang lollipops to not lick, children placed in nurseries never live with parents , all eat together , marry at 15 or 16,

liberals vs conservatives -blue dog democrats

c: little trust in gov, state and local gov better, economic rights l: rights of accused be protected, alarm for patriot act that allowed for more surveillance -section 215 of act gives FBI chance to demand personal info, obama didnt let it expire, launched transportation admistration to conduct full body scans of airline passengers -democrats who identify themselves as either moderate or conservative

sir thomas moore was attack on first important attempt to describe utopia

coined term utopia english society under henry VIII the republic

hudson theory

developmental democracy A model of democracy that stresses the development of virtuous citizens. pluralist democracy A model of democracy that stresses vigorous competition among various interests in a free society.

protective democracy bicameralism

protective democracy A theory of democracy that places the highest priority on national security. bicameralism Division of the legislature into two houses.

pluralist democracy

vigorous competition among various interests in a society where diversity is the norm. Hudson's model of pluralism, however, emphasizes its tendency to evolve into a hierarchical order dominated by economic elites. This tendency occurs naturally in a society where individuals are free to form associations or interest groups, because the success of organizations depends on group cohesion, common purpose, and strong leadership. Thus, pluralistic democracy is inherently oligarchic. In a society that places a high priority on business, entrepreneurship, and the amassing of personal wealth, the natural result is social and economic inequality.

overlapping responsibilities characterize gov

war powers The U.S. Constitution gives the Congress the power to raise and support armies, to provide and maintain a navy, to make rules regulating the armed forces, and to declare war; it makes the president the commander in chief of the armed forces.

-dictatorship of proletariat -road to paradise

- marxs first stage in revolution that would overthrow capitalism, the guiding principle would be from each according to his abilities to each according to his needs, from each according to his abilities to each according to his needs, private ownership abolished, progressive income tax, abolition of right of inheritance, state ownership of banks and communications and transportation systems, introduction of universal and free education, abolition by state , friedrich engels says role of state as arbiter and regulator of social relations would become unnecessary and government of persons replace by administration of things and by direction of processes of production , state not abolished it withers away

Ideology

- public good is shared beliefs of political community as to what goals gov ought to attain like security, equality, justice, prosperity. , gov role to identify/pursue aims of benefit to society as whole -left and right originated in European parliamentary practice of seating parties that favor political change to left of presiding officer and those opposing change or favor return than to right - ideology is any set of fixed predictable ideas held by politicians and citizens on how to serve public good -label isms, facilitates political thought and debate rather than way to discredit ones political opponents , not same meaning everywhere , when people go beyond learning and adopt rigid closed system of political ideas they cross a line and enter realm of ideology - conservative want strong national defense, deregulation of business and industry, tax cuts on capital gains, oppose social spending, liberals favor public assistance, military cut spending, tax on wealthy, gov regulation

remodeling democracy

-3 models: the U.S. presidential model, the British parliamentary model, and the French half-and-half, or hybrid, model that combines features of the U.S. and British systems -William Hudson, for example, identi ed four distinct theories of citizen participation and developed a model of democracy for each main function of government in Hudson's protective democracy is to safeguard liberty rather than national security. Citizens may play a passive polit- ical role in this model, but they make up for it by playing an extremely active role in economics. The government is the guardian or protector of the free market, but not its master. According to Hudson, this theory holds that "democ- racy exists so that free competitive individuals may have and enjoy a maximum of freedom to pursue material wealth.

participatory democracy

-A model of democracy that seeks to expand citizen participation in government to the maximum possible degree. direct democracy means citizens themselves, not elected representatives, decide all major questions of public life. This model could perhaps work in a com- munity or small city-state of a few hundred or even a few thousand citizens at most. It cannot easily work in a large modern state encompassing much terri- tory, many towns and cities, and millions of inhabitants who may or may not even speak the same language. Nonetheless, participatory democracy is based on the conviction that apathy is a conditioned response, not a trait inherent in human nature.

checks and balances

-Article I for the legislature, Article II for the executive, Article III for the judiciary. -range from the mundane (the president's veto power) to the extraor- dinary (impeachment proceedings brought by Congress against a president

separation of powers other liberal democracies

-Congress, for example, is given the power of the purse (right to impose tax). The president proposes a budget and attempts to in uence congressio- nal appropriations, but Congress always has the nal word on governmental spending. -give the executive branch the upper hand in setting the budget (expenditures), while giving the legislature the primary role on the rev- enue side (taxation).

tocueville: tyranny of majority

-When democratic government turns into mob rule, it becomes what Alexis de Tocqueville called the tyranny of the majority. -tyranny of the majority The political situation in which a dominant group uses its control of the government to abuse the rights of minority groups. -political thinkers through the ages have often rejected democracy, fear- ing a majority based on one dominant class, religion, or political persua- sion would trample the rights of minorities

alex hamilton: federalism

-a government ought to contain in itself every power requisite to full accomplishment of objects committed to its care, free from every control, but a regard to public good and to sense of people -hamilton thought checks and balances is necessary in gov, should not be carried so far as to impede or impair the gov ability to act energetically -madison said very important difficulty at constitutional convention was combining requisite stability and energy in gov, with inviolable attention due to liberty, and to republican form , wanted powerful exec gov -federalist, wanted strong central gov,

b.f. skinners walden two: psychology is answer

-behavioral psychology is the way people act is determined by stimuli they receive from environment and from other persons and human or animal behavior can be manipulated by carefully structuring environment to provide positive stimuli for desired behavior and negative stimuli for unwanted behavior -believed all human behavior is environmentally determined, response to external stimuli, experiments designed to control animal behavior like training pigeons to play ping pong, and theories of relationship of human freedom to behavior modification , fictional work walden two outliner notion of modern utopian society, believed it possible to created society

cosmopolitain democracy compolitain individual

-david held developed A model of democracy that sees the individual as part of a world order, not merely (or even primarily) as a citizen of a particular nation-state. frequent traveler who is comfortable abroad, values cultural diversity, and respects the rights of others to live and worship as they choose. Cosmopolitans nd the nation-state too con ning; they blame nationalism and tribalism for the prejudice and patriotic fervor that divides the world into "us" and "them" and instead foresee a strengthening sense of community without borders.

francis bacons new alantics: science is answer

-describes imaginary voyage of travelers who discover bensalem, islanders warn them not to land but they come and see its happy, secret trips to europe, cut off from other society, chrstian, religious freedom, family/marriage/moral behavior celebrated, college is solomons house, pursues knowledge for conquest of nature, science used for relief of mans estate, new fruits, illness gone, medical treatment undergoes technology revolution, predict natural disasters, first modern utopian because his ideal society was based on science rather than religion or superstition, not protest or outline of future but rather key to future invitation to imagine world where science is set free

constitutionalism and due process

-due process A guarantee of fair legal procedure; it is found in the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments of the U.S. Constitution. -britain evoked over many centuries and u.s. had consititon in 4 months -Constitutionalism enshrines proper procedure. For instance, the Constitution as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court prohibits the president of the United States, even during wartime, from seizing or nationalizing industries, such as steel mills, without Congressional approval.24 Similarly, the concept of due process—prescribed procedural rules—dictates that a citizen accused of a crime shall be provided with an attorney, allowed to confront witnesses, informed of the charges brought against him or her, and so on. -extreme because if criminal admits they did crime without being told they have right to remain silent than it can't be used in court

power

1. capacity to influence or control behavior of persons and institutions by persuasion or coercion, currency of all politics, such as large population, booming economy, wise leadership, political power cannot be with force, define power in wealth or military spending , never equally distributed, 2. tangible/measurable by formidable states were great powers, now they are superpowers 3. questions are who wields power, in whose interest, and to what ends, who rules is most basic question

john c calhoun: brokered gov

-first prominent exponent of a pluralist model of democracy. -Calhoun championed a theory of brokered democracy (interests of major groups cannot be steamrolled by the majority without jeopardizing democracy and that legislators and decision makers should act as brokers in writing laws and devising policies that are acceptable to all major groups in society.) on the assumption of selfish motives in politics and what was, in his view, a universal tendency to interpret reality, and even morality, in self-serving ways—to put private interests ahead of the public interest. -concurrent majority:john Calhoun's theory of democracy, which holds that the main function of government is to mediate between and among the different economic, social, and sectional interests in U.S. society. In a democracy, he reasoned, if one interest prevails over all the others because it has a majority of the votes on a given issue at a given time, neither justice nor the long-term survival of the system can be assured In his Disquisition on Government, Calhoun made an impassioned argu- ment for protecting the interests of minorities against a steamrolling major- ity. The way to do so was to abandon the principle of majority rule in favor of government by concurrent majority. Thus, the decision-making model he advocated was one of compromise and consensus among all major competing interests on important policy questions of the day. If compromise failed and consensus could not be reached, the status quo would prevail inde nitely. In effect, Calhoun argued the case for protecting pluralism at all costs, granting a kind of veto power to minority groups.

centrality of economics

-harsh working conditions and widespread suffering with capitalism provoked marks attack on economic inequality, marks das capital stated employment practices that made him mad like mary anne walkley had worked without break in over crowded room, economics or production and distribution of material necessities was ultimate determinant of human life and human societies rose and fell according to inexorable interplay of economic forces, superstructures of power built on greed and exploitation would collapse in great social upheaval led by impoverished and alienated proletariat

why federalism

-keep gov as close to people as possible,reserved powers Under the U.S. Constitution, the powers not speci cally granted to the federal government or forbidden to the states are reserved to the states or the people., -competitive and cooperative

federalism and separation of powers

-limit constitutional government is through a division of powers between the national government and regional subdivisions -states were empowered to main- tain internal peace and order, provide for education, and safeguard the peo- ple's health, safety, and welfare—through the government's police powers role of national (or federal) government has grown enormously since the 1930s, when FDR launched a massive set of federal programs called the New Deal to create jobs and stimulate the economy in the midst of the Great Depression. -President Richard Nixon (1968-1973) tried to reverse this process with a policy called the new federalism, which was aimed at making government "more effective as well as more ef client. though block grants to states and general revenue sharing -Ronald Reagan (1980-1988), a conservative Republican, and Bill Clinton (1992-2000), a Democrat, paid lip service to devolution, or transferring power back to the states, but did little to match words with deeds.

perfect polity -philospher king

-political life arises from fact that no individual can be self sufficient, describes place with no gov or scarcity but just enough for plan way of life, polis (city state) needs to expand to satisfy demands of basic human needs and soldiers are called guardians , they study aesthetic, intellectual, moral, physical aspects of life, real aim of education is teach truth, no censorship, public goods takes over private good, at 20 people will be republic soldier -wise philospher who governs platos ideal city in republic -class society:farmers/artisans, couage (warrior/auxilaries) and wisdom (philosopher/guardians), society based on merit , no family relationships , eugenics program = no sex, marriage festvals to continue breeding

Prior to Reagan revolution of 1980

-republican wanted balanced budget and limit gov, in 2012-2014 tea party republicans led fight for deficit reduction without raising tax on wealthy, democrats wanted budget cuts offset with targeted tax increases on individual earnings

platos republic: philiosophy is answer: -socrates -socratic philosophy -socrates -the republic

-said unexamined life is life not worth living -plato is socrates most brilliant student, -there is no higher purpose than fearless pursuit of truth, represents fundamental alternative to homer who praised cirtues of courage and honor and jesus -lived for knowledge, died because athens mistrusted his search for answers, accused of undermining belief in gods and corrupting athenian youth, execution by drink -meaning of justice, best political order with no tension between justice and power,no reason for rulers to fear philosphers, no need to choose loyalty to state and devotion to truth

-noble lie -problems

-to convince lower class of its proper status , get citizens to see each other as members of single family and enure popular acceptance of class system, past experience is only dream, beneath earth is where they were trained, souls (gold is philosopher, silver is auxilary, iron/bronze is farmer/artisan) -no family, a lot of censorship, big lie of legitimacy, ideal rulers dont desire to rule -the republic is valuable for insights to justice, tyranny, and role of education , he builds a utopia and tears ir down by exposing practical impediments, philosophical exercise not as prescription, advance political thought not action

1. Mao Zedong 2. authority 3. norms 4. legitimacy 5. legitimate government

1. chinese communist, political power flows from barrel of gun 2. flows from barrel of gun and norms of society, command of obedience of society members by government 3. moral, spiritual, legal codes of behavior 4. authority implies this, exercise of political power in community in a way that is voluntarily accepted by community, power exercised by consensus through institutions 5. not just democratic, any government that has consent

1. order 2. society 3. justice

1. arrangement of institutions based on principles, denotes rules and practices that make up political system in society 2. people with common identity like geography 3. fairness, distribution of rewards/burdens in society , Aristotle observed use human reason to declare what is advantageous and what is just/unjust

baron de montesqieu

1. book spirit of laws identified advantages of business and commerce, nations that trade with others are more peaceful, war disrupts international commerce, commerce opens new avenues for individual self advancement, focus on wealth creation would combat religious fanaticism, culture of commerce would elevate individual morality, commercial democracy would foster certain bourgeois virtues like frugality, economy, moderation, labor , prudence, tranquility, order, rule

john locke

1. contributed to commercial republic: found in federalist papers identified with alex hamilton who championed idea of democracy based on economic vitality, capitalistic principles, and private enterprise free of undue state regulation, forms core of modern conservatism. champion of property rights, lay foundation for free enterprise and modern market economy such as legal liability and contract, invention and innovation rewarded, instinct for goods is good, money is universal medium of exchange, where wealth can be expanded, society will prosper

1. liberals: civil rights and social justice 2. john suart mill

1. defender of individuals, associated with certain social groups, favor gov action to promote greater equality, oppose curbs on freedom to legislate morality, 2. treatise on liberty, stated case for individualism ,chooses for himself, growth and develop is human nature, protect individuality from conformity, democracy is ill equipped to protect individuality as it is based on majority rule, liberals point out defenders of majority rule confuse quantity (# of people holding view) with quality (logic evidence for it),

1. democratic socialism 2. welfare state 3. chronic deficits that led to euro crisis

1. embraces collectivist ends but committed to democratic means, form of gov based on popular elections, public ownership and control of main sectors of economy, broad welfare programs in health and education, believe in gradualism which is belief that major changes in society should take place slowly through reform rather than revolution, social justice cant be achieved without economic equality, favor expanded gov role, advocate nationalization 2. state whose gov is concerned with providing social welfare of citizens and does so with public policy, alleviate poverty and inequality, programs like free school and medical care need high tax 3. result of wel fare state benefits like health care and pension, spending cut and tax increase led to protest,

1. republics and constitutions 2. rep. democracy importance 3. constitutions important to impose limits on 4. checks and balances 5. examples of contemporary democracies 6. consititonal democracies must meet three competing and sometimes conflicting criteria

1. ex. france, poland, india, south africa, brazil, mexico 2. regular elections based on right to vote and secret ballot 3. majority rule (any candidate/program that receives at least half of all votes plus one prevails) and protect minority rights, to define basic institutions, organization, and operations of gov 4. constitutional tools that enable branches of gov to resist any illegitimate expansion of power by other branches, assigns powers to each branch and sets limits to exercise of those powers 5. u.s. and france are brevity, india slices and dices gov powers into fed, state, and concurrent ones, kenya allocates authority between central/regional gov in elaborate detail, united kingdom, mother of all parliaments, does not have formal written consititon, british constitution is inscribed in minds and hearts of people 6. gov are democratic and must have responsive to people, second they must be limited in goals they can pursue and the means by which they can pursue them, third they must be effective for example maintaining law/order, managing complex economics, protecting people

1. aristotle 2. political scientist 3. important questions in politics 4. methods 5. positivism vs normativism

1. father of political science 2. sought through systematic inquiry to understand truth about politics 3. should and ought 4. methodology is way scientists and scholars explore disciplines 5. p: empirical research, behaviorism is offshoot of this and is fact based evaluations of action, p is by auguste comte, observable facts as truth, skeptic view of ideas based on religion or metaphysics/ N is by immanuel kant, ought and is are inseparable, ought cannot be derived from is, applying moral principles in logic and reason to problems of politics and gov, putting moral theory into political practice through good laws

1. marxism 2. bourgeoisie 3. marxist theory 4. difference between wages and values of products created through workers

1. future belonged to rising underclass of urban industrial workers he called proleteriat (member of working class, paid subsistence wages) 2. capitalist class, urban artisans and merchants, wrestled political and economic power from fedual landlords 3. main feature of modern industrial era is emergence of two antagonistic classes: wealthy capitalists who own means of production and impoverished workers the proleteriat who are paid subsistence wages 4. surplus value, excessive profits which capitalists profit, created through workers labor , owners exploit workers and lay groundwork for proleterian revolution

1. law of capitalist accumulation 2. monopoly capitalism 3. law of pauperization 4. vladimir lenin 5. marxism-leninism

1. get big or get out, invariable rule that stronger capitalists motivated by greed will eliminate weak competitor and gain control of market, 2. last stage before downfall of whole capitalist system, 3. rule that capitalism has built in tendency toward recession and unemployment and workers become surplus labor, crisis of capitalism and proletarian revolution inevitable, 4. violent mass action is necessary to bring radical change, founder of communist party of soviet union and leader of Russian revolution, argued parliamentary democracy and bourgeois legality were superstructures designed to mask underlying reality of capitalist exploitation 5. fall of communism caused this to lose its luster, some appeal among poor because of its promise from injustice of monopoly capitalism, in history of russian revolution, lenins anticapitalist rational for overthrow of czar (absolute monarch) and establishment of new political order based on communist principles set forth in writings of karl marx

1. left wing 2. socialism 3. communism and marxism 4. marx said 5. class of antithesis and thesis

1. human live in harmony without wealth or social class, public goods over private possession, 2. public philosophy favoring social welfare and general prosperity over individual self reliance and private wealth,opposed to capitalism, rejects individualism, private ownership 3. communism is based on radical equality, marx and friedrich engels thought of open class conflict aimed at overthrow of monopoly capitalism , opened communist manifesto with all history is history of class struggle 4. all societies evolve through same historical stages which represents dominant economic pattern (thesis) that contains seeds of new and conflicting pattern (antithesis) 5. marx called dialectical materialism which comes a synthesis or new stage in socioeconomic development, states which economic classes struggle with one another producing evolving series of economic systems that will lead to classless society

1. capitalism 2. capitalist theory 3. in contemporary world, vs in u.s. 4. as economic theory 5. calvin coolidge

1. individuals own mean of production and legally amass unlimited personal wealth, private sector not gov makes decisions, big business 2. gov should not impose restriction on economic activity and laws of supply and demand 3. its ideology of mainline conservatives, in u.s. its republican 4. supply and demand regulate economic activity, opposes gov interference 5. business of America is business

1. legitimate authority 2. coup d'etat 3. non popular rules 4. decline and fall of communism

1. legal and moral right of government to rule specific population 2. military power seizure, plot by senior army officers to overthrow corrupt ruler like Hitler's Beer hall putsch 3. relinquish power or repress opposition, how widespread is opposition, does government have financial resources to defeat challenge, does gov have will to use all means to defeat rebellion , like fidel castro successful revolution 4. soviet says we pretend to work they pretend to pay us

1. liberals vs conservative 2. abuse of labels 3. factors that blur distinction between liberalism and conservatism 4. common themes

1. liberal is political philosophy that emphasizes individualism, equality, civil rights, conservative is prosperity, security, tradition, both want freedom and human rights but argue which rights are fundamental 2. liberals want to narrow gap between rich and poor, conservative want free enterprise and minimalist definition of equality , liberal define equality broadly to social, political, economic terms, and conservatives confine to political realm 3. impassioned eager to talk on tv, practice voters are progmatic not dogmatic wanting results not rhetoric, few politicians make change they promise, they come down on same side but for different reasons 4. liberalism and conservatism by john locke, humans equal, unalienable rights, gov protects this, gov legitimacy from consent of governed

1. differences essential and exaggerated 2. edmund burke 3. share belief in 4. in recent years right wing conservism has been associated with 5. fareed zakaria said

1. liberals accent goodness in human beings, do not deny vices, antisocial behavior is society's fault, to reduce crime society must alleviate conditions of poverty , racism, and despair , innocent at birth but go bad at response to circumstance where they have no control , alleviating poverty and injustice is best way to reduce crime, change is good -conservatives say humans are not naturally virtuous, coercion deterrence and punishment necessary to keep people in line, not role of gov to moderate differences in motivation/luck, troubles by disparities in wealth, less inclined to attribute antisocial behavior to poverty, punishment is best way to reduce crime, look to past for guidance, view society as fragile organism held by shared belief, 2. change in order to conserve 3. dignity, freedoms, 4. voting blocs, right wing groups, tea party movement, religious fundamentalists, anti immigration nativists 5. from aristotle to edmund bruke, greatest conservative thinkers have said that to change societies, one must understand them and accept them how they are and help them evolve

1. pluralism 2. madison and calhoun vs. dahl and lijphart

1. more important than class distinctions, but differ in terms of who/what poses greatest threat to democracy 2. m&c saw elites as main danger, d&l saw masses as greatest threat

1. modern conservatism 2. 2 most prominent conservative thinkers

1. opposed to big gov and heavy tax, appeal to commercial interests and cooperate industry, religious values are paramount, individual affluence brings work ethic, love of order, healthy restraint from gov, 2. fiedrich hayek and milton friedman -hayek: iconic figure for libertarians, -friedman: main architect behind restoration of classical. most influential economist, capitalism and freedom book argued that secret to political and social freedom is to place strict limits on role of gov, capitalism is key to democracy, desirable to minimize gov by assigning public sector few functions such a enforce contract, spur competition, regulate interest rates and money supply, protect irresponsible, liberalism as official economic orthodoxy in u.s.,

1. apolitical 2. utopia 3. robert owen 4. dystopia

1. place without conflict is not interested in politics 2. comes from sir thomas more, lord chancellor of england, coined from greek word ou topos meaning no place and eutopos a place where all is well, any visionary system embodying perfect political/social order, nonexistent place where people dwell in perfection 3. experiment on new harmony, indiana for 2 years , heterogenous collection of radicals, honest latitudinarians and lazy theorists, began with platos republic (real of philosophy), contrast with sir francis bacon (science) new atlantic, (economics) karl marx classless society, and b.f. skinner walden two psychology) others are mores utopia and u.s writer edward bellamys looking backward 4. well intended political experiments that went terribly wrong

The religious right

1. ronald reagan create new right wing, evangelical christians, tv evangelists like jerry falwell (movement moral majority) and pat robertson (ran for president) gained mass following. , far right suffered setback when pat buchanans presidential bid fizzled, george w. bush courted fundamentalist christian vote -use of mass media for restoration of traditional values like ending abortion, prayer in public school, no porn, family as basis of u.s. -new right were fundamentalist or evangelical christians who saw politics as outgrowth of their core religious values 2. christian coalition produces morality scorecard, evaluating political candidates positions, focus on getting on school boards, raised two questions: was christian coalition best understood as well meaning effort by decent citizens to be in political arena or as danger and was it interest group or political party , mostly in south and midwest

1. john calhoun 2. Arendt Lijphart 3. bentham 4. Schumpeter

1. saw society as segmented rather than fragmented, 2. famous for theory of consociationalism involving ways democracies can resolve conflict through power sharing 3. greatest good for greatest number 4. masses clamoring for socialism or welfare state are problem , democracy cannot endure without capitalism to spur economic growth , pessimistic about future of liberal democratic gov because masses see capitalism as chief cause of inequality and democracy is based on majority rule

1. scientific method 2. motor voter bill 3. ticket splitting/swing voting

1. seeking empirical answers to questions through research design, data, mathematical models , example is democratic voting (poor vote less, voter turnout rises more poor vote, poor vote likely vote for party that help working class) 2. eased voter registration, democrats favor national vote registration act 3. ticket is voter who votes for candidates from more than one party, swing is voter who votes for republican than democratic

1. Why study politics? 2. politics

1. self interest (work study programs and federal grants affect college students, crop subsidies and water rights affect farmers, taxes for everyone. more aware of dependance on political system and equipped to determine when to favor/oppose change, reveals limits of politics and obstacles to bring change/ public interest: civil society is every day decisions made by people 2. art of possible, who gets what when how, authoritative allocation of values, process by which community selects rulers to make decisions

1. libertarianism 2. senator rand paul

1. state is necessary evil best kept small and weak relative to society, government is best which governs least, individual liberty, obsession with fighting gov regulation even if its for safety 2. free society will have private discrimination even when allowing hate groups to exclude people on color of skin

*Ideologies of the right 1. monarchism 2. constitutional monarchy 3. facism 4. nazism

1. system based on belief that political power should be concentrated in one person who rules by decree , aristotle said rule of wise king is best form even though rare (kings/queens, emperors, czars/sultans or sheiks/shahs) examples are saudi arabia and swazliand. jordan/morocco are limited monarchies because chief executive rules for life by royal birth not merit 2. king or queen is figurehead (united kingdom) 3. totalitarian political system that is headed by popular charismatic leader and which single political party and carefully controlled violence form bases of complete social and political control, differs from communism in economic structure it is privately owned (axis powers in world war II which were germany, italy, and japan/argentina under Juan Peron but he never did violence and mass repression associated with general augusto pinochet in chile) , enjoyed support because of appeal to nationals and ethnicityy 4. national socialism, form of fascism based on extreme nationalism, militarism, racism, -prejudice and hatred, the KKK

*Antigovernment ideologies 1. anarchism 2. nihilism 3. mikhail bakunin

1. system that opposes in principle the existence of any form of gov through violence and lawlessness , opposition to gov, 2. philosophy that holds total destruction of all existing social and political institutions is a desirable end in itself 3. reveled joy of destruction, called for violet uprisings of criminals, father of modern anarchism apply: Russian revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin reveled joy of destruction and called for violet uprisings by society beggars (anarchism)

1. values divide and war on terror 2. war on terror 3. neoconservative 4. divison over what contributed to polarization of u.s. in first decades 5. morality

1. tension between liberals/conservatives escalated into what came to be called this, newt gingrich launched contract with america, a conservative agenda aimed at preventing tax increases and balancing federal budget 2. after 9/11, george w. bush declared worldwide war on terrorism aimed at defeating international terrorist organizations, destroying terrorist training camps, and bringing terrorists themselves to justice 3. top advisers and cabinet members during george w. bush presidency, advocate strong national defense, decisive military action in face of threats or provocations, pro Israeli policy in middle east, and a minimum of gov interference in economy, opposed to federal regulation of business and banking 4. abotion, gay marriage, stem cell research 5. for conservatives its unamibuous and grounded in religion, for liberals its personal, no school prayer for liberals,

laissez faire capitalism

1. views marketplace, unfettered by state interference, as best regulator of economic life of society , smith argued for natural harmony of interests: what is good for happiness of individual is good for society because people will unintentionally serve society's needs as they pursue their own self interests without government intervention

1. direct democracy 2. republic 3. constitutional democracy 4. richard katz 5. jeremy benthan and joseph schumpeter 6. james madison and robert dahl

1.small city state (athens) wherein citizens (who can vote) participated directly in political deliberations and decision making process, form of gov where decisions are made by citizen not representative 2. form of gov where sovereignty is in people not ruler, limited democracy more suitable to large state and pioneered by romans , roman republic required elections and 2 representative bodies (senate/assembly) 3. modern, limited gov , majority rule, political power scattered among factions/interest groups and gov actions/institutions must conform to rules defined by constitution , stresses political equality/individual liberty 4. developed useful typology of liberal democratic theories, asks is given society by nature stable/volatile, some society more governable than others, do elites/masses pose greatest danger 5. viewed society as single undifferentiated mass of individuals rather than collection of gross 6. society is pluralistic, constraining many groups, important to note individuals belong to more than one group , this creates crosscutting cleavages which is individuals identify with various groups

magna carta

Rebellious barons forced King John to sign the famous Magna Carta in 1215. Originally, this document made concessions only to the feudal nobility, but it later became the foundation of British liberties. Containing some sixty-three clauses, it foreshadowed a system that replaced absolute mon- archy with a power-sharing arrangement involving the Crown, aristocracy, and parliament. It obligated the king to seek the advice and consent of royal vassals on important policy matters, including taxation Magna Carta A list of political concessions granted in 1215 by King John to his barons that became the basis for the rule of law in England.

establishing rule of law during locke time in britain

The Petition of Right (1628) fur- ther advanced the idea of due process of law while limiting the monarch's power of taxation. In addition, abolishing the dreaded Star Chamber in 1641 did away with a court that used torture to gain confessions and imposed punishment on subjects at the request of the Crown. Finally, the Habeas Corpus Act (1679) limited government's power to imprison people arbitrarily. It imposed substan- tial penalties on judges who failed to issue timely writs of habeas corpus, which demonstrated the accused had been legally detained and properly charged with a crime.

Rational choice

define :emphasize role of reason over emotion, political behavior follows logical/predictable patterns

Political realism

define: (power is key variable in all political relationships and should be used pragmatically and prudently to advance self interest, policies are judged good or bad on basis of their effect on national interests, not on level of morality) says people act according to self interest, others argue it is culture and shared values

congress funds commander of chief of armed forces vp and press are only ones who house of rep serve senators supreme court justices presidents in diff countries

armed forces and declares war president , two terms four years can receive mandate local constituencies in districts drawn by state legislatures (in most cases) and are elected for two-year terms. Senators represent states as a whole and serve six-year terms in of ce. Supreme Court justices (and all other federal judges) are appointed by the presi- dent with the advice and consent of the Senate. in Russia and Brazil, for example, are elected to four-year terms and can run for a second consecutive term, as in the United States. The president of Mexico is elected to a six-year term but cannot run for reelection. Until recently, France's president was elected to a renewable seven-year term, reduced to ve years in 2000.

-winner takes all system -upshot

awards all the electoral votes in a given state to the candidate who gets the most votes, even if nobody gets a clear majority., -The upshot is usually a coalition government consisting of two or more parties. The advantage of this system is that voters have more choices; the disadvantage is that no single party has a clear mandate and the very possibility of majority rule is called into question

right to be frightened

anthony bugs book a clockwork orange, about juvenile delinquent named alex who is clever and loves music, robs, vandalizes, and rapes, arrested/imprisoned but home office uses aversion therapy to eliminate criminal tendencies in 2 weeks, given injections, when patterns of conformity are imposed by state, one has right to be frightened

international relations 2. the economist 3. political power 4. classical political theory

define: analyze how nations interact, apply: why do others live in harmony, advent of nuclear age brought urgency to study this, threat of nuclear war is less menacing than terrorism, global warming, energy security, and economic meltdown apply: morality in foreign policy is big debate, political realists argue considerations of national interest are paramount in international politics, others say self interest leads to world peace , realists dismiss this as to idealistic in dog eat dog world, idealists counter realists are too fatalistic and that war is not inevitable but rather self fulfilling, others say distinction between national interest and international morality is exaggerated and democracies derive mutual benefit from protecting each other and than this helps them promote world peace 2. smart people are inventors who make things happen, strongest force is ideas not blood or money, 3. new laws, treaty, war, 4. moral truths, political realism stresses role of self interest and rational action, political scientists specialize in more than one theory

political theory of social contract

define: associated with thomas hobbes, jean jacque rousseau, and john locke, agreement between people to form civil society and accept certain moral and political obligations essential to its preservation understand: natural law and natural rights apply: when government turns oppressive, people can revolt -order is arrangement of institutions based on principles, denotes rules and practices that make up political system in society which is aggravation of people who share common identity like geography speak same language and have similar interests/values

hard power

define: brute force or coercion understand: apply: military and economic clout

comparative politics

define: contrast and evaluate gov/political systems, compares forms of gov, stages of economic development, domestic/foreign policy, and political traditions enables political scientists to formulate generalizations understad: some specialize in particular region or nation or issue, differences let it be classified in ways that can aid understanding of good/bad about it apply: fall of communism, distinction between established liberal democracies and transitional states gained currency , main types of totalitarian states like nazi or racist model on right and communist on left are defunct or need foreign investment and access to global markets

military capacity

define: desired effect in specific enviornment understand: authority is command of obedience of society members by a government, legitimacy is exercise of political power in a community in a way that is voluntarily accepted by members of that community, legitimate authority is legal and moral right of gov to rule over specific population and control specific territory understand: mao redoing said power flows from barrel of gun, apply: coup d'état is military power seizure through senior army officers overthrowing corrupt ruler

nation

define: distinct group of people that share common background, geographic location, history, racial/ethnic, religion, culture, political ideas, often interchangeable with state or country, denotes specific people with distinct language and culture or ethnic group understand: countries with homogeneous populations where common in old Europe but this once defining characteristic of European nation states are no longer true because of immigration apply: Belgium is a European state divided culturally and linguistically (french speaking walloons and dutch speaking Flemish)/ french, dutch, Chinese and Japanese people each constitute a nation as well as a state, not all nations are fortunate to have state of their own, this is like the kurds, Palestinians,

stateless nations

define: people who are scattered over territory of several states or dispersed widely and who have no autonomous, independent, or sovereign governing body of their own, apply: kurds, Palestinians , tibetans understand: common identity but no longer control homelands or territories once inhabited, created high volatile situations mostly in Middle East

government

define: persons and institutions that make and enforce rules or laws for large community, human invention which societies are rules and binding rules are made understand: , almost all republics are democratic,

Political theory

define: seeks answers to such questions through reason, logic, and experience understand: answers questions of what is good life, is there natural right to liberty, and questions every answer , be open minded apply: political behavior is product of political culture (moral values, beliefs, myths, people live by and are willing to die for) which is behavior of people and groups as product of specific influences that vary from place to place

state

define: sole repository of sovereignty, sovereign state is community with well defined territorial boundaries administered by single government, independent political adminsitrative unit that successfully claims allegiance of given population, exercises monopoly on uses of force, controls territory inhabited by its citizens or subjects; major political administrative subdivision of federal system as such, is not sovereign but rather depends on central authority (national gov) for resource allocations (tax transfers and grants) defense and regulation of economic relations with other federal subdivisions (non sovereign states) and external entities (sovereign states) understand: understand context when determining what it is apply: capable of making and enforcing laws, claims monopoly on force, raises armies, collects tax, regulates trade, establish judges, settle disputes, send envoys, apply: usually means country, france,

republic

define: sovereignty resides in people not rulers understand: distinction between democracies is free elections or dictatorships, others emphasize political economy, distingusishing between governments enmeshed in capitalist or market based systems and gov based on socialist or state regulated systems apply: most today are democratic or representative republics meaning they elect representatives who are responsible to the citizenry

U.S. Government

federal system, frame of reference changes depending on whether we mean nation, state, or local. -political behavior depends if its group or individual -civic education= learning/teaching about ones own gov -home to oldest written constitution, a behemoth economy, and most potent military capability of all time

the good life

fictional founder is T.E. Frazier, managed to obtain for taxes a tract of land that previously contained seven or eight rundown farms, self closed, "we all know whats good until we stop to think about it", ingredients of good life are health, minimum unpleasant labor, chance to show talent, leisure (freedom from economic/social pressure),

nation state

define: state encompassing single nation in which majority of people form dominant in group who share common cultural, ethnic, and linguistic characteristics, geographically defined community administered by a government understand: Nigeria war with Igbo to secede and form independent state of Biafra, in Rwanda they had a massacre when Hutus slaughtered many Tutsis, tribal violence in Kenya's Rift Valley, India many Hindus and Muslims clash -nation building is process of forming a common identity based on notion of belonging to a political community separate and distinct from all others, often concept of nation is based on common ethno-lingusitic roots, apply: rooted in specific time/place in western Europe, does not fit in other regions where political boundaries of sovereign states which were European colonies before World War II coincide with ethnic/cultural geography, decolonization after World War II gave rise to Polyglot states which were various ethnic groups not assimilated to new social order

classless societyy

demise of gov, marx prophesied, everyone has a definite circumscribe sphere of activity which is put upon him and from which he can't escape, humans come in with clean state and what is written on the slate is determined by society rather than by genetic inheritance, -withering away of state is central to marxist ideology based on belief in natural harmony of interests, describes what happens after capitalism is overthrown, private prosperity and social classes abolished, and need for coercive state power disappears, eliminate private property and division of labor and you eliminate social inequality/armed conflict /need for state

hudson book

eight challenges to America's future," namely, restoring the separation of powers, restraining the "imperial judiciary," combating "radical individualism," promoting citizen participation, reforming the "trivialized" election process, curbing the "privileged position" of business, addressing problems of inequality, and, nally, making the "national security state" more transparent and less threatening to its own citizens.

thomas jefferson: anti federalism

faith in we the people, author of dec of independence, majority rule only way to run democracy, wrote in defense of shays rebellion, believed in basic goodness of people and majority would make rational choice, -tocqueville offered cogent defense of majority rule in his classic two volume study democracy in america, possibility that todays minority can become tomorrows majority gives princioke of majority rule a universe appeal

proponents of cosmopolitan democracy

favor the extension of citizenship rights and responsibilities across supranational associations like the European Union,not only be citizens of a state, but also fully empow- ered members of "the wider regional and global networks" that are shaping the world we all live in.27

federalism and liberty

helps protect civil and political liberties by limiting the scope of national government.,he aim of a federal system is political-administrative decentralization. By "multiplying and simplifying the governments accessible" to ordinary citizens, "creating local organized structures capable of resisting centralized authority or mitigating its excesses," and enabling "government to be adapted to local needs and circumstances," decentralization allows "experi- mentation in the way problems are met." In short, federalism, "is a vital safe- guard to liberty and a way to educate an energetic and competent citizenry."

dystopia:from dream to nightmare

in book persuasion nation george saunders creates world in which oppressive force is not a totalitarian gov but all seeing eye of targeted advertising, dystopia is society whose creators set out to build perfect political order only to discover that they cannot remain in power except though coercion and by maintaining a ruthless monopoly over means of communication

utopia revisited

in the republic plato saw philosophy as key, explored limits of human perfection and sought to depict idea of best political order but also to make clear the problems , bacon wrote new atlantis o show not limits of human achievement but possibilities that society wholly predicated on modern science might achieve, marx the path to utopia is class struggle and revolution, for skinner behavior modification is solution , bacon believed scientific method rather than logic and deduction, marx believed philosophy and science were overshadowed by economics, believed public common ownership of means of production was way to get peaceful world, skinner viewed scientific manipulation of human behavior as key to social and personal fullfillment

utopia and rejection of politics

micheal young book rise of meritocracy debunks idea of social order based on pure merit, written from perspective of academic social critic analyzing development of post aristocratic british society, , political power centralized in almost every utopia, giving state powerful tools, absence of checks and balances, solution not in politics but in transcendence of politics

calhoun and nullification

nullification According to this controversial idea, a state can nullify acts of the U.S. Congress within its own borders; John Calhoun and other states'- rights advocates put forward this doctrine prior to the Civil War. -if congress abolished slaves, south can ignore it called "interpo- sition," because it meant a state could interpose its own authority (or sover- eignty) to void an act of Congress. Calhoun was, in effect, using the principle of minority rights against an oppressed racial minority, slaves. For Calhoun and his Southern cohort, "minority rights" and states' rights were inseparable. The tension between Federalists (favoring a strong national government) and Anti-Federalists (favoring states' rights) had been one of the major themes of the nation's founding and continued to be up to the Civil War.

karl marx classless society economics is answer - classless system

originator of scientific socialism, based analysis on observation rather than abstract reasoning, believed his utopian society was possible and inevitable, class struggle is means, classless society is inevitable end, this is because human history is product of irresistible forces, one socioeconomic system set of class relations give rise to opposing class system, and out of struggle between two comes new system a synthesis of two, this thesis-antithesis-synthesis process is essence of marks theory of dialectical materialism -ideal society in which wealth is equally distributed according to principle from each according to his ability to each according to his needs

developmental theory

participatory democracy A model of democracy that seeks to expand citizen participation in government to the maximum possible degree. In Hudson's developmental democracy, the government's focus is on the devel- opment of virtuous citizens, not modern economies or political systems. This model views democracy as a kind of school for civic education and socialization. It sees indirect or representative democracy as a way to train citizens in those habits and virtues essential to progress, stability, and prosperity. Their broad par- ticipation through voting and expressing opinions is thus essential to making them feel closer to government and to help them gain a better understanding of the public good, even if they are not active decision makers in it

james madison: balanced gov

stressed the natural tendency of society to fragment into factions based on self-interest, sectionalism, sectarian divisions, and the like. In Madison's view, Jefferson was naïve if he truly believed that nature predisposes human beings to live together in peace and harmony. Madisonian solution was to ensure factions pursuing sel sh ends would encounter as many hurdles as possible. It was this idea that won the day in Philadelphia. The separation of powers is one key; the other is federalism. For followers of Madison and Hamilton, good government requires a system of checks and balances which, in turn, requires the right architecture.eparation of powers The organization of government into distinct areas of legislative, executive, and judicial functions, each responsible to di erent constituencies and possessing its own powers and responsibilities; the system of dividing the governmental powers among three branches and giving each branch a unique role to play while making all three interdependent. federalism A system of limited government based on the division of authority between the central government and smaller regional governments.

utopia and terrorsim

terrorists motivated by perverted idea of possible, misguided sense of what could be if only imagined source of all evil were annihilated,

dual federalism

the power of the national government was limited to enumerated powers; during this period, the Southern states claimed sovereign powers., the power of the national government was limited to its enumerated powers, Southern states claimed sover- eign powers, and the all-important question of what would happen or who would prevail in a contest of wills between two "sovereign" governments (national ver- sus state) remained unresolved.

-british problem

the world's foremost two-party dominant par- liamentary system, majority rule is problematic. British elections nearly always produce a clear majority in Parliament (see Chapter 7), but the winning party seldom garners more than 45 percent of the popular votes (and often signif- icantly less). The reason is that the plurality vote system—which the British invented—is still in use there (as it is in the United States)A system in which candidates who get the largest number of votes win, whether or not they garner a majority of the votes cast; in a majority vote system, if no candidate gets more than half the votes cast, a runo election is held to determine the winner.

-president as chief exec is given power to - congress, can resist -supremacy clause

to conduct the nation's foreign affairs, veto legislation, and appoint judges (with the approval of the Senate). -The Congress has the power "to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper"—a formulation that underscores the Founders' determination to avoid the kind of political paralysis that had thrown the colonies into a crisis under the Articles of Confederation., can resist unpopular chief like when president richard nixon tried to use the IRS and the FBI to intimidate his opponents in 1972 back red and led to his forced resignation.-all treaties are entrenched as the "supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding."

orwell's world

totalitarian rulers called big brother manipulate people , ministry of truth established to lie, new language called newspeak is invented to purge all ideas dangerous to gov, double think introduced to make minds of citizen receptive to opportunistic zigzags of official propaganda, purpose behind state terror, strict censorship, and constant surveillance is to prevent enemies of revolution from stopping march toward full communism, masses put in control of own destiny and become new class of slaves who's fate is in tyrant hands

bottoms up: idea of america

u.s. is birthplace of first modern theory of representative democracy actually put into practice, balance between bottom up and top down world, idea of america is product of 18th century enlightenment grew out of italian renaissance of late 15th century, political thinkers said purpose of gov is not as aristotle had claimed to nurture virtue but rather to combat vice -

utopia and human nature

vices like greed and dishonesty are common, thinkers have thought of ways to reengineer human makeup though eugenics or compulsory education or abolition of private property, science of controlling hereditary traits in species, usually by selective mating in attempt to improve species, utopian thinkers blame institutions that protect sanction and perpetuate inequalities and conclude that the only way to rid society of great disparities in wealth is to abolish established institutions, communal activities common residences and public meals replace private property,

adam smith

wordy philosopher, preeminent theorist of modern capitalism, wrote an inquiry into nature and causes of wealth of nations, explored commercial society free of regulations or interference from state, observed self interest, invisible hand of marketplace, expressed in law of supply and demand, this law determines market value, where supply is large and demand is small, market value will be down , demand is great supply is low market value is up, -self interest and market forces sustain economic competition which keep prices to actual cost of production, -supply and demand equilibrium: competition intensifies , only efficient producers in position expand their share of market - prices rise to much, producers undercut by competitor, high price lead for increased competition and low price lead to increased demand -free enterprise theory holds individuals voluntarily enter those jobs that society considers most valuable because monetary rewards are irrestible