Ch. 10

Predict which of the following United Nations funding proposals both Sylva and Seager might support. An overseas government plan to require one-child families A third-world country plan to provide free contraceptives A proposal by a European country to promote bigger families and reverse declining fertility rates A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country

A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country

Reproductive success of an organism is best measured by its number of offspring that survive to reproduce. ability to attract a mate. fitness. life span.

number of offspring that survive to reproduce.

Parthenogenesis is a process whereby __________.

offspring are created without fertilization

Sequential hermaphrodites are __________.

one sex first before changing to the opposite sex

Which of the following is associated with asexual reproduction? parthenogenesis hermaphrodites monogamy monoecious hermaphrodites

parthenogenesis

In the presence of predators, some tadpoles grow larger and more colorful tails to avoid lethal strikes to the head. This ability to respond to the environment via morphological traits is known as dioecious. outcrossing. K-strategy. phenotypic plasticity.

phenotypic plasticity.

An insect larva that is immediately ready to move and feed after birth is termed iteroparous. altricial. precocial. semelparous.

precocial.

The behavioral, physiological, and energetic activities involved in current reproduction result in

reduced future survival, fecundity, and growth.

Fecundity increases with body weight. T or F

True

Sylva emphasizes the dangers to economies and social welfare systems from declining fertility rates. In comparison to Sylva, what would Seager say about declining fertility? Declining fertility is a false concern because global population is increasing. Governments should mandate one-child families to cause additional fertility declines. Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads. Declining fertility will exacerbate extreme poverty.

Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads.

Douglas Sylva gives four reasons why government population control is bad policy. Which of the following statements represents one of his reasons? Severe development problems are linked to population growth. Government influence over family size is prone to abuse. The world is experiencing increasing fertility. Money is better spent on population control than on other priorities.

Government influence over family size is prone to abuse.

Although Sylva and Seager seem to agree that couples should be able to make their own family planning decisions, they would disagree about which of the following statements? Governments should provide resources and education for family planning. Earth's population has undergone a rapid increase in the past century. Many countries face severe poverty and development problems. Societies that value freedom and privacy keep government out of reproductive planning decisions.

Governments should provide resources and education for family planning.

Small and short-lived plants that rapidly colonize disturbed sites are classified by J. Phillip Grime as

R species.

Which of the following is true of the third phase of the human population growth curve? The third phase of the population growth curve represents a phase of "social evolution" driving the modification of the life history of the human species. It represents increasing population growth rates. The number of new individuals added to the global population each year has been increasing since 1990. Developing nations entered into phase three of the demographic transition before the European countries. In the third phase of the growth curve we begin to see an increase in mortality rate.

The third phase of the population growth curve represents a phase of "social evolution" driving the modification of the life history of the human species.

Which of the following statements about r-strategists is FALSE? They typically produce a large number of offspring. They are typically short lived. They typically give minimal parental care. They are typically fast growing. They typically produce large offspring.

They typically produce large offspring.

Most species of vertebrates are iteroparous. T or F

True

The young of most nesting birds are __________. incubational semelparous precocial altricial autogamous

altricial

Human reproductive systems are best described as budding. hermaphroditic. dioecious. perfect.

dioecious.

Which factors have permitted the human population to continue increasing despite using nonrenewable resources at an unsustainable rate? famines expansion of high-density urban areas disease outbreaks improvements in medical care

expansion of high-density urban areas improvements in medical care

In lek species, several male birds gather at a communal courtship area where they compete with males for space. Females then choose who to mate with based on the displays of the males. In this process __________. females choose mates based on intersexual competition females choose mates based on intrasexual competition females choose mates based on intersexual and intrasexual competition males choose mates based on intersexual competition females choose mates based on male territories

females choose mates based on intersexual and intrasexual competition

Altricial young are relatively independent at birth and require relatively little time for incubation and gestation. helpless at birth and require a relatively long time for incubation and gestation. helpless at birth and require relatively little time for incubation and gestation. independent at birth and require a relatively long time for incubation and gestation.

helpless at birth and require relatively little time for incubation and gestation.

Early sexual maturity is predicted to result in higher reproduction earlier in life. lower overall lifetime reproduction. higher reproduction later in life. higher overall lifetime reproduction.

higher reproduction earlier in life.

An advantage to sexual reproduction is that offspring are adapted to the local environment. increased genetic variability. that there is no need to find a mate. the potential for high population growth.

increased genetic variability.

Guppies were moved from stream A, with a fish that preyed upon adult guppies, to stream B, with a fish that preyed upon juvenile guppies. After 30 to 60 generations, the guppies responded to the increased predation on juveniles relative to adults by becoming smaller in body size. increasing age at maturity. increasing the number of individuals in a school. feeding less frequently.

increasing age at maturity.

The antlers of elk are used to fight with other males to win female mates, these are an example of __________. intersexual selection monogamy intrasexual selection combat between a female and a male combat between females

intrasexual selection

Heightened male to male aggression around female mates is likely the result of

intrasexual selection.

In long-lived species of organisms, the primary advantage of delaying reproduction (late maturity) is obtaining a higher quality territory. increased number of mates. increased survivorship. larger initial body size during the first reproduction event.

larger initial body size during the first reproduction event.

Animals that are K-strategists tend to be __________. early colonizers of habitats that grow quickly and have high reproductive rates. "weedy" species that experience boom or bust cycles of population size short-lived, poorly competitive, and characterized by unstable population sizes make use of temporary habitats. Many inhabit unstable or unpredictable environments long-lived, highly competitive, and characterized by stable population sizes

long-lived, highly competitive, and characterized by stable population sizes

When one male mates and stays with one female, the relationship is called

monogamous

John Seager describes several benefits of smaller families, including ____________.

reduced carbon emissions

The primary strategies that organisms can possess in Grime's model are __________. monogamy and polygamy r-selected and K-selected. ruderal, competitive, and stress-tolerant precocial and altricial iteroparous and semelparous

ruderal, competitive, and stress tolerant

Pacific salmon migrate upstream and after breeding, soon die. They are termed semelparous. dioecious. monoecious. iteroparous.

semelparous

A trade-off for having many offspring would be

that they would likely be small in size.

Which of these was the first of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

the advent of agriculture

Which of these was the third of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

the discovery of vaccines and the discovery of antibiotics

Among birds (and some other organisms), siblings will kill each other when still being cared for by parents under some circumstances. It is thought that this has evolved to maximize fitness. Under what circumstances would this occur? only when one sibling is big enough to get away with it always, so that the winner can take all the resources when resources are low only when the other sibling is loaded with parasites never

when resources are low