Ch. 10

Gender ____________ is an organized set of beliefs and expectations about males and females that impacts what types of information an individual will attend to and remember.

Schema

True/False: Emotional regulation is the most important psychosocial development to occur between the ages of 2 and 6 though it continues throughout life.

True

True/false: behaviorism is the belief that all roles are learned and therefore result from nurture, not nature; gender distinctions are the product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment

True

Androgyny

a balance traditionally male and female psychological characteristics in a person

solitary play

a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby

onlooker play

a child watches other children play

self-concept

a person's understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits

gender schema

a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave; understanding of sex differences

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father: oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

idetification

an attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else (same sex parent)

reactive aggression

an impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical

sex differences

biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape

Authroritative parenting

child rearing in which parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible

Challenge of Media

children spend three hours or more a day using some sort of media

gender differences

cultural differences in the roles and behavior of males and females

___________ is the process of shaping which emotions one has, when one has them, and how one experiences or expresses these emotions.

emotional regulation

sociocultural theory

every cultural has powerful values and attitudes regarding preferred behavior for men and women and every cultural teaches these values to its young, even thorough the particular task assigned may vary

Parents differed on four important dimensions:

expressions of warmth, strategies for discipline, communication, expectations for maturity

antisocial behavior

feelings and acting in ways that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

prosocial behavior

feelings and acting in ways that are helpful and kind, without obvious benefit to one self; increases from 3 to 6 year old

antipathy

feelings of anger, distrust, dislike, or even hatred toward another person

Cognitive Theory

focuses on children's understanding and develop concepts about their experience

For the first time in her life, little Chloe, looks at her mom and says, "Chloe is a girl." This statement indicates that Chloe has just achieved

gender identity

Mr. and Mrs. Cahill have two children, Trevor and Anna. They constantly tell Trevor he should be an engineer, since men are good in math and that Anna should be a nurse, since women are good at taking care of others. The Cahill's message reflects a(n)

gender-role stereotypes

intrinsic motivation

goals or drives that come inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent

self-esteem

how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

instrumental aggression

hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it

Psychopathology

illness or disorder that involves the mind

aggression

intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person

With regard to actual differences between males and females, research has consistently found that, on average,

males are more physically active

Differences in Early care

neurological damage can occur during early development

relational aggression

nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people

epigentic theory

our traits and behaviors are the result of interactions between genes and early experiences; there are dozens of biological differences between the male and female brain

Induction

parents talk with the child, getting the child to understand why the behavior was wrong

guilt

people blame themselves because they have done something wrong

shame

people feel that others are blaming them

Three year old Macy has just pinched her baby sister, Gabby. Macy's mother mildly tells Macy that what she has done is not a good idea and try not to do it in the future. This style of parenting where parents make few demands on children, have lax rules, and are their children's friend is

permissive

cooperative play

play involves social interaction in a group with a sense of group identity; oriented toward a common goal, and organized activity

associative play

play that involves social interaction with little or no organization; engage in separate activates but exchange toys and comment on one another's play

rough and tumble play

play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm

play

pleasurable activity engaged in for its own sake

sociodramatic play

pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create

How a person understand who he or she, their identity or set of beliefs about what they are like is called _________

self-concept

_______ is how a person evaluates his or her own worth.

self-esteem

Diana Baumrind

studied preschooler in Cali of middle class, European Americans-the cohort and cultural limitations of this sample were not obvious at the time

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

emotional regulation

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed; most important psychosocial development to occur between the ages of 2 and 6 though it continues throughout life

effortful control

the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination

empathy

the ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own

Motivation

the impulse that propels someone to act

extrinsic motivation

the need for rewards from outside such as material possessions or someone else's esteem

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Electra complex

the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

bullying aggression

unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves

withdrawal of love

withholding affection to enforce child discipline

emotional balance

without adequate control, emotions overpower children

Is play universal and timeless?

yes

time-out

A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time.

psychological control

A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.

corporal punishment

Punishment that physically hurts the body, such as slapping, spanking, etc.

externalizing problems

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things.

internalizing problems

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities; deals with self-esteem and self-concept

phallic stage

Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure: 2 1/2- 6

____ includes all behavioral characteristics that a society considers appropriate for men and women

Gender

parrallel play

Play in which children engage in the same activity side by side but with very little interaction or mutual influence.

children of authoritative parents

Are successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others Are well-liked by teachers and peers, especially in societies in which individual initiative is valued

children of authoritarian parents

-Become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy -Feel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things do not go well -Rebel as adolescents and leave home before age 20

children of permissive parents

Are unhappy and lack self-control, especially in peer relationships Suffer from inadequate emotional regulation Are immature and lack friendships (main reason for their unhappiness) Continue to live at home, still dependent, in early adulthood

permissive parenting

Child-rearing style that is lax and inconsistent and encourages children to express their impulses freely.

imaginary friends

Make-believe friends who exist only in a child's imagination; increasingly common from ages 3 through 7, they combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation.