Ch. 10
Gender ____________ is an organized set of beliefs and expectations about males and females that impacts what types of information an individual will attend to and remember.
Schema
True/False: Emotional regulation is the most important psychosocial development to occur between the ages of 2 and 6 though it continues throughout life.
True
True/false: behaviorism is the belief that all roles are learned and therefore result from nurture, not nature; gender distinctions are the product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment
True
Androgyny
a balance traditionally male and female psychological characteristics in a person
solitary play
a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby
onlooker play
a child watches other children play
self-concept
a person's understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits
gender schema
a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave; understanding of sex differences
Oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father: oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
idetification
an attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else (same sex parent)
reactive aggression
an impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical
sex differences
biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape
Authroritative parenting
child rearing in which parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible
Challenge of Media
children spend three hours or more a day using some sort of media
gender differences
cultural differences in the roles and behavior of males and females
___________ is the process of shaping which emotions one has, when one has them, and how one experiences or expresses these emotions.
emotional regulation
sociocultural theory
every cultural has powerful values and attitudes regarding preferred behavior for men and women and every cultural teaches these values to its young, even thorough the particular task assigned may vary
Parents differed on four important dimensions:
expressions of warmth, strategies for discipline, communication, expectations for maturity
antisocial behavior
feelings and acting in ways that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person
prosocial behavior
feelings and acting in ways that are helpful and kind, without obvious benefit to one self; increases from 3 to 6 year old
antipathy
feelings of anger, distrust, dislike, or even hatred toward another person
Cognitive Theory
focuses on children's understanding and develop concepts about their experience
For the first time in her life, little Chloe, looks at her mom and says, "Chloe is a girl." This statement indicates that Chloe has just achieved
gender identity
Mr. and Mrs. Cahill have two children, Trevor and Anna. They constantly tell Trevor he should be an engineer, since men are good in math and that Anna should be a nurse, since women are good at taking care of others. The Cahill's message reflects a(n)
gender-role stereotypes
intrinsic motivation
goals or drives that come inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent
self-esteem
how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself
instrumental aggression
hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it
Psychopathology
illness or disorder that involves the mind
aggression
intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person
With regard to actual differences between males and females, research has consistently found that, on average,
males are more physically active
Differences in Early care
neurological damage can occur during early development
relational aggression
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
epigentic theory
our traits and behaviors are the result of interactions between genes and early experiences; there are dozens of biological differences between the male and female brain
Induction
parents talk with the child, getting the child to understand why the behavior was wrong
guilt
people blame themselves because they have done something wrong
shame
people feel that others are blaming them
Three year old Macy has just pinched her baby sister, Gabby. Macy's mother mildly tells Macy that what she has done is not a good idea and try not to do it in the future. This style of parenting where parents make few demands on children, have lax rules, and are their children's friend is
permissive
cooperative play
play involves social interaction in a group with a sense of group identity; oriented toward a common goal, and organized activity
associative play
play that involves social interaction with little or no organization; engage in separate activates but exchange toys and comment on one another's play
rough and tumble play
play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm
play
pleasurable activity engaged in for its own sake
sociodramatic play
pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
How a person understand who he or she, their identity or set of beliefs about what they are like is called _________
self-concept
_______ is how a person evaluates his or her own worth.
self-esteem
Diana Baumrind
studied preschooler in Cali of middle class, European Americans-the cohort and cultural limitations of this sample were not obvious at the time
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
emotional regulation
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed; most important psychosocial development to occur between the ages of 2 and 6 though it continues throughout life
effortful control
the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination
empathy
the ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own
Motivation
the impulse that propels someone to act
extrinsic motivation
the need for rewards from outside such as material possessions or someone else's esteem
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Electra complex
the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love
bullying aggression
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
withdrawal of love
withholding affection to enforce child discipline
emotional balance
without adequate control, emotions overpower children
Is play universal and timeless?
yes
time-out
A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time.
psychological control
A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.
corporal punishment
Punishment that physically hurts the body, such as slapping, spanking, etc.
externalizing problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things.
internalizing problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities; deals with self-esteem and self-concept
phallic stage
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure: 2 1/2- 6
____ includes all behavioral characteristics that a society considers appropriate for men and women
Gender
parrallel play
Play in which children engage in the same activity side by side but with very little interaction or mutual influence.
children of authoritative parents
Are successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others Are well-liked by teachers and peers, especially in societies in which individual initiative is valued
children of authoritarian parents
-Become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy -Feel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things do not go well -Rebel as adolescents and leave home before age 20
children of permissive parents
Are unhappy and lack self-control, especially in peer relationships Suffer from inadequate emotional regulation Are immature and lack friendships (main reason for their unhappiness) Continue to live at home, still dependent, in early adulthood
permissive parenting
Child-rearing style that is lax and inconsistent and encourages children to express their impulses freely.
imaginary friends
Make-believe friends who exist only in a child's imagination; increasingly common from ages 3 through 7, they combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation.