Ch. 10: Industrialization and Nationalism

How did the Austrian Empire also have problems with revolts in 1848?

- It was a multinational empire (a collection of different peoples) and only the German-speaking Hapsburg dynasty held the empire together. The Germans played a leading role in government in the empire. - Then, in 1848, demonstrations erupted in major cities. To calm them, the foreign minister was dismissed by the dynasty. But, in Vienna, revolutionary faced took control of the capital and demanded a liberal constitution. They received their own legislature to calm them. - The Austrian Hillary defeated the rebellions.

Who were the major inventors and inventions in the Industrial Revoltion?

- James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, which spun cotton through steam or water power. - Edmund Cartwright made a machine that weaved cotton and allowed workers to catch up with the spinning Jenny. - James Watt created a steam engine that was used to power the cotton spinners and weavers. - Henry Cort created a process called puddling which created high quality iron. - Richard Trevithick created the first steam powered locomotive to transport iron to the sea. - Robert Fulton created the first paddle wheel steamboat to travel the waterways of the United States.

Miguel Hidalgo

- Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. He began the revolts in Mexico.

What caused the revolutions in France beginning in 1846-1848?What did they represent?

- Severe economic problems in 1846 brought hardship to the lower middle class, workers, and peasants. The government members of the middle class calmed for the right to vote while the government of Louis-Philippe refused them. - After this, the monarchy was overthrown in 1848 by a group of moderate and radical republicans who set up a temporary government (where leaders were elected ted). This provisional government called for the election of representatives to a Constituent Assembly that would draw up a new constitution. Election would be determined by universal male suffrage. They set up workshops for the unemployed but this became to be too heavily relied on by the people, and the. treasury shut it down. Thus, workers pored in the streets to protest and revolt, but it was crushed by government forces. - Finally, the new French constitution of 1848 set up a republic called the Second Republic. This had single legislature elected by universal male suffrage, a president. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Louis-Napoleon) won presidency.

How did Germany revolt after the revolution of 1848 in France?

- The Congress of Vienna recognized 38 independent German sates (including the great Austria and Prussia). These states wanted change which lead German rulers to promise constitutions, a free press, jury trials, and other liberal reforms. In 1848, an all-German palriment (called Frankfurt Assembly) was held to fulfill the liberalist and nationalist dream:the preparation of a constitution for a new united Germany. - This constitution provided for a German state with a parliamentary gov. and hereditary emperor ruling under a limited monarchy. It allowed for direct election of. deputies to the parliament through universal male suffrage. - Ulitmelty,

How did the French revolution of 1848 begin revolts in Germany in 1848?

- The congress of Vienna recognized 38 indecent German states (including Austria and Prussia). These states creed for forced of change and led many German rulers to promise constitutions, a free press, jury trials, and other liberal reforms. This lead to am all-German parliament (called Frankfurt Assembly) to fulfill the liberalist and nationalist dream: the preparation of a new constitution for a new united Germany. - They Frankfurt Assembly's prosed constitution provided for a German state with a parliamentary gov. and a hereditary emperor ruling under a limited monarchy. It also allowed for dissect elation of deputies to parliament through universal male suffrage. - Ultimately, the Assembly failed gain support. When Fredrick William of Prussia IV refused the tone, the assembly members had no real means for forcing German rulers to accept the constitution. Unification wasn't achieved.

How were the nationlists revolts in Latin America influenced by the French and American Revolutions?

- The new political ideas stemming from the successful American Revolution were beginning to influence the creoles (descendants of Europeans who had permanently settled in Latin America). They controlled lands and business and were attracted to the principles of equality of all people in the eyes pf the law, free trade, and a free press. They disliked the domination of trade by Spain and Portugal. - They denounced the rule. fo the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs and peninsulares (people who reside. temporally in Latin America and drained it of its wealth). - Napoleon's wars provided creoles with an. opportunity for change when he weekend the Spanish and Portuguese.

What was the importance of urbanization to the growth of industrial capitalism in Great Britain?

-It expanded it economy because new ways to weave cotton and refine iron. -Iron was used to build an expanse of railways throughout Great Britain. -Iron became a major export -Great Britain made more iron than the rest of the world combined. -It created more divide within social classes as well as a new social class based on industrialization.

Louis Pasteur

A French Chemist who proposed the germ theory, which was crucial to. the development of modern scientific medical practices

cottage industry

A method of production in which tasks are done by indivisos in their rural homes

abolitionism

A movement to end slavery

Mary Shelley

Author of Frankenstein

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire.

What factors fed the spread of industrialization in Europe and North America?

Each country wanted to be industrialized first; this is why governments provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads. This spread a network of iron rials across Europe. In the United States, in the early days most of the population were farmers and had small towns. But, in 1860, many people moved to cities, and only half the population were famers. Then, thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link east and west. Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807, and made transpiration easier on waterways. By 18060, 30,00 miles of railroad track covered the U.S..

Eugene Delacroix

Eugene Delacroix was one of the most famous romantic painters from France. His paintings showed 2 chief characteristics: a fascination with the exotic and a passion for color. His belief os that "a painting is to be a feast to the eye".

Jose San Martin

José de San Martín was an Argentinian general who in the 1800s played a major role in the South American wars of independence, specifically with the liberation of Chile, Peru, and Argentina.

In what ways were liberalism and nationalism causes for the revolutions of the 1830s in Europe?

People began to create the idea that they could be ruled by their own people and under a united government and country. this made pole want change and rebellion to seek their wishes.

plebiscite

popular vote

Sir Walter Scott

wrote "Ivanhoe" which idealized the Middle Ages

militarism

reliance on military strength

emancipation

the act of setting free

natural selection

the principle that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others

puddling

the process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron

universal male suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections

Edgar Allen Poe

wrote short horror stories in the U.S. as a result of romanticism

How might the woking conditions in mines and mills have led to the new industrial working class to support socialism?

-Working conditions were harsh, dirty, dusty, dangerous, and unhealthy. -men inside coal mines experienced cave-ins, explosions and gas fumes as a way of life. -women made up 50% of the British labor force and were paid half or less than the men. - wanted socialism because of the equality between rich and poor (both worked the same and received the same under socialism) and because if the government controlled production, working conditions would be better

Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail?

1. Divided amount the revolutionaries: moderate liberals and more radical revolutionaries were soon divided over goals. 2. Though nationalists had revolted in pursuit of self-government, divisions amount nationalities proved disastrous. Minorities then fought each other and the old order prevailed.

Great Britain after 1848: While many countries suffered uprising in the first half of the 1800s, Britain did not. Why?

1. In 1832, Parliament passed a bill that increased the number of male voters (m mostly from the industrial middle class) and gave them an interstate in ruling. 2. In the 1850s & 1860s Parliament made social and political reforms that endured stability. 3. Britain had continuing economic growth because industrialization brought prosperity to the middle class. 4. Real waged of workers rose significantly. 5. Queen Victoria reflected perfectly the national pride fo the British and her sense of duty and moral respectability came to define the values and attitudes of her age, the Victorian Age.

What was the social impact of industrialization in Europe?

1. In 1850, the population had doubled to 266 million due to a decline in death rates, wars, and major epidemics. Due to more food, people were better fed and more resistant to diseases. 2. Famine and poverty impacted global migration an urbanization, such as the Irish potato famine and poverty causing more to migrate to the Americas. Industrialization spurred urbanization, as large numbers of pole migrated to cities. 3. Cities, such as London's, populations grew and shifted so that people living in cities were equal to people living in country sides. 4. The rise of industrial capitalism arose - a system bases on industrial production. This produced a new middle-class group - the industrial middle class. This new middle class was made up of people who built factories, brought the machines, and developed the markets. They had initiative, vision, ambition, and often agreed. 5. It also created an Industrial working class that faced wretched working conditions. Conditions in coal mines were harsh: men inside digging out coal, cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes were common. In cotton mills, the conditions were dirty, dusty, and dangerous. In Britain, women and children made of 2/3 of the cotton industry. When the work hours of chidden were limited, a new pattern emerged: Men earned most of the family income by working and women too over daily care of the family and performed low-paying jobs from home. 6. In the early half of the 1800s, poor working conditions created by the Industrial Revolution caused a movement known as socialism (a system in which society, usually in the form of government. own and controls the means of production).

What difficulties did the newly independent Latin America countries face?

1. Most of Latin America began with republican. governments, but they had no experience in self-rule. Soon, leaders known as caudillos gained power. (caudillos culled chiefly by military force and were supported by landed elites; they kept new national states together and some were modernizers and others were destructive) 2. Caudillos such as General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna who ruled Mexico, misused state funds, halted reforms, and created chaos. Texas revolted against his rule and war between Mexico and the U.S. and Santa Anna lost, loosing half Mexico's territory. 3. The landed elites dominated society. Large estates remained a way of life in Latin America. As land remained the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power, landed elites ran governments, controlled courts, and kept a system of inexpensive labor. They made money of cash crops and most of the population had no land to grow basic crops and suffered poverty.

What issues divided Americans in the 1800s?

1. The Federalists favored a strong central government while the Republicans wanted the central government to be subordinate to the state governments. 2. The South's. economy was based on growing cotton on plantations by slave labor. Abolitionism, a movement to end slavery in the North challenged the Southern way of life. 3. Fighting erupted between the North and the South (Union and Confederacy) which was called the American Civil War (1861-1865). Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declared the enslaved people "forever free". The U.S. reunited, remaining "one nation, indivisible".

What is a summary of the 1830s and 1840s revolutions?

1830's Revolution in the Italian States - wanted liberal constitutions and geographic unification- it was a failure 1848 Revolution in France- Wanted to end the power of king/monarchy, have elected representation in the legislature, and voting rights- it was a success 1848 Revolution in Germany- promised to set up a limited monarchy with liberal constitutions, and political unification under the Frankfurt Assembly- it was a failure 1848 Revolution in Austrian Empire- wanted to set up independent governments, legislature with a liberal constitution- it was a failure

What was the revolt in Haiti characterized by?

A revolt began here before the main independence movements when 100,000 enslaved people on the Saint Dominique revolted and seized control of Hispaniola. In 1804, the western part of Hispaniola, now called Haiti, became the first independent state in Latin America.

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

Austria after 1848: What was the empire like and how did it change?

After upsetting the desire of its ethnic groups for independence, then having the Hapsburg rulers crush the revolutions of 1848 and 1849, the Austria Empire had a centralized autocratic gov.. However, after their defeat to Prussia, the Austrians had to make agreements to the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians. This resulted in the compromise of 1867, which created a dual monarchy pf Austria-Hungary. Each had its own constitution, legislature, gov. bureaucracy, and capitol. Francis Joseph was the single monarch who held them together.

Russia after 1848: What were the changes in Russia and how was it reformed?

At the beginning of the 1800s, Russia was still rural, agricultural, and autocratic. However, in 1856 when Russia suffered defeat in the Crimean War, Czar Alexander II saw that Russia was falling behind and made reforms. Since serfdom was a problem, Alexander II issued the emancipation edict, which freed serfs. Peasants could now own property, for they could buy it from landlords. However, the landlords kept the best for themselves. Thus, emancipation didn't work out as planned and instead created a land-staved peasantry that followed old ways of farming. Alexander II attempted more reforms but could please nobody. When radical assassinated him, his son, Alexander III, turned toward the old methods of repression.

Michael Faraday

British scientist who put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of electric current

How did the unification of Italy come about with Cavour and what did it mean?

Causes: After the failed revolution of 1848, people began to look to the northern Italian state of Piedmont for leadership in unification. The royal house of savoy ruled Piedmont, and the king (King Victor Emmanuel II) named Camillo di Cavour his prime minister. in 1852. Cavour pursued the policy of economic growth for a large army. Knowing Piedmont wasn't strong enough to beat Austria, Cavour made an alliance with the French emperor Louis-Napoleon and provoked Austria in declaring war in 1859. Effects: A peace settlement gave some states to the French and Lombardy to Piedmont. Following the success of Cavour, other nationalists on other states joined with Piedmont.

What was the causes of the Crimean War? What was the result?

Causes: The Crimean War was the result of a long-term struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Though the Ottoman Empire was in decline, Russia still wanted to expand its power into Ottoman lands for better sailing routes. The Russians invaded the Turkish Balkan which caused the Ottoman Turks to declare war on Russia. What Happened: Great Britain and France, fearful of Russian gains from the war, declared war on Russia the following year. This was called the Crimean War: out was poorly planned and poorly fought. Effects: The Russains opted for peace after heavy losses. The Treaty of Paris was singed in 1856. The other effect fo the Crimean War was to destroy the Concert of Europe. Austria and Russia, the chief powers before the 1850s, were now enemies and Russia withdrew from European affairs for 20 years. This opened up the door to the unification of Italy and Germany.

The Scientific Revolution created a modern, rational approach to the study of the natural world and the Industrial Revolution created a heightened interest in science. How did science advance throughout the 1830s?

Discoveries from Louis Pasteur, Dmitri Mendeleyev, and Michael Faraday, led Europeans to have a growing faith. in science. This faith, in turn, undermined religious faith in may people. The 1800s was an increasing age of secularization, an indifference or rejection to religion.

What was the British iron industry and how did it reach success?

Due to the invention of the steam engine, coal was used in great supply to power it, thus inventing new ways to process coal. This lead to the iron industry. Britain had large supplies of iron ore, leading to the creation of a better quality of iron through a process invented by Henry Cort called puddling. After Henry Cort's process, the British iron industry produced more than the rest of the world combined and was. used to build new machines, especially trains.

How did early Socialism differ from later socialism?

Early socialism was largely the idea of intellectuals. To later socialists, especially followers of Karl Marx, such ideas were impractical dreams. They labeled the earlier reformers utopian socialists. Robert Owens was a utopian socialist who believed that humans whole dhow their natural goodness if they lived in a coopveative environment. Owens transformed the factory town of New Lanark into a flourishing community and then a similar one at New Harmony, Indiana, U.S., which failed.

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

First, he Agricultural Revolution allowed for more food production, thus meaning that more people could fee fed at lower prices with less labor. Second, due to the large food supply, the population grew. When Parliament passed enclosure movement laws, landowners fenced off common lands, forcing peasants to move to towns and creating labor supply for factories. Third, Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest in new machines and factories, Entrepreneurs found new business opportunities and new waste make profits. Fourth, natural resources were plentiful in Britain; rivers provided power for factories, and Britain had an abundance of coal and iron ore. Finally, a supply of markets gave British manufactures a ready outlet for their goods. Because of population growth and cheaper food at home, domestic markets grew.

How was there factory an important element in the Industrial Revolution?

From the beginning, the factory created a new labor system: since factory workers want to constantly use machines, workers were forced to work in shifts to keep machines producing at a steady rate. Early factory workers came from rural areas where they were used to periods of hectic work followed by periods of inactivity. Thus, factory owners disciplined workers to a system of regular hours and repetitive tasks.

kaiser

German for "caesar"; the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire

What technological advances mad the cottage industry for cotton inefficient?

In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the spinning Jenny, which made the spinning process much faster. In 1887, Edmund Cartwright invented a water-powered loom. This made it possible for the weaving of cloth to catch up to the spinning of cloth from the invention of the spinning Jenny. In the 1760s, the steam engine was improved by James Watt, a Scottish engineer. Now, the steam engine could drive machinery; steam factories were found throughout Britain and were powered by coal, not water, making them able to be virtually anywhere.

How did the unification of Italy come about with Giuseppe Garibaldi and what did it mean?

In southern Italy, Garibaldi raised an army to 1,000. volunteers. A branch of the Bourbon dynasty ruled the Two Sicilies and a revolt broke out against the king. Garibaldi's forces landed in Sicily and ended up controlling most of the island, then the entire kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Garibaldi then conquered Piedmont. A new state of Italy was proclaimed under King Victor Emmanuel II. However, only Venetia (Austrians) and Rome (the Pope) remained from unification. The Italians gained control of Venetia as a result of supporting Prussia in a war between Austria and Prussia. And during the Franco-Prussian War, French troops withdrew from Rome. Italy was finally united in 1870 with Rome as its capitol.

How did the effects of industrialization in the U.S. compare with those in Great Britain?

In the United States, railroads were more important to getting the goods across the nation domestically, in contrast; in England railroads were used to export goods to other nations. Also, in the U.S. more railroads were built in a faster amount of time leading to a more drastic change.

How did economic dependence on foreign investment influence Latin America through the mid-1800s?

Instead of Spain and Portugal, Great Britain dominated the Latin American economy. British merchant moved into Latin America, and British investors poured in funds. Thus, old trade relationships soon emerged. Latin America continued to serve as a source of raw materials and foodstuffs for the industrial nations of Europe. However, Latin America also imported finished consumer goods, especially textiles, and had limited industry. The emphasis on exporting raw. materials and importing finished products ensured the ongoing donation of the Latin American economy by foreigners.

What was the revolt in Mexico characterized by and what happened?

It began in 1810 with Miguel Hidalgo, (a man who had studied the French Revolution) who roused the local Native Americans and mestizos, to free themselves from the Spaniards. Hidalgo led his forces to attack against the Spaniards but was crushed and sentenced to death. His memory lives on as Sept. 16, the first day of the uprising, is Mexico's independence day. The role of Native Americans and mestizos in Mexico's revolt against Spanish control frighted the creoles and pennisulares. So, they cooperated in defeating revolutionary forces, then wanted to overthrow Spanish rule. The conservative elites wanted a nation ruled by a monarch. They selected Agustín de Iturbide, to set up a new gov.. In 1821, Mexico declared its independence from Spain and Iturbide declared himself emperor, but was quickly disposed when Mexico became a republic.

How were railroads important to the success of the Industrial Revolution?

It began when Richard Trevithick, an English engineer, built the 1st steam locomotive. Then, better locomotives soon followed, such as the one called the Rocket which was used on the first public railway line. Within 20 years, locomotives were able to reach 50 mph, and now Britain had almost 2,00 miles of track which jumped to 6,000 in 1850. Building railroads created new jobs for farm arbors and peasants. Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods, thus creating larger markets. More sales meant more demands and the need for factories and machinery. Business owners could reinvest money in new equipment, adding to the growth of the economy.

Why might it be important to have fast, reliable transpiration between Manchester (cotton-manufacturing town) and Liverpool (thriving port)?

It might've been important to have fast, reliable transportation between these two town so as to quickly get goods exported. Since Manchester is a cotton producing city and Liverpool a thriving port, it is especially important to get these goods ready for export.

Why did Latin American countries continue to experience economic depression after achieving political independence?

Latin American countries relied heavily on Western nations for finished products and trade to sustain their economy and created old trade ties with great powers. Despite their undefended, they were depends on other nations for goods.

William Wordsworth

Leader of English Romanticism who published works in respect to nature and believed that they should be critical of 18th century science

How did liberalism and nationalism present a challenge to conservatism in Europe during the 1830s and 1840s?

Liberalism and nationalism presented a challenge to conservatism in Europe during the 1830s and 40s by serving as a force which motivated peoples ruled by foreign empires and/or absolute monarchs to attempt to acquire more power through agitation, reform, and/or revolution.

France after 1848: After the revolution of 1848, how was France further reformed?

Louis Napoleon returned to the people to ask for the restoration of the empire, to which was a "yes" and assumed the title of Emperor Napoleon III and the Second Empire began. Napoleon III completely controlled: armed forced, police, civil service, and only he could introduce legislation and declare war, government and limited civil liberties (his government was authoritarian). To distract the public from their loss of political freedom, he expanded the economy and rebuilt Paris. When opposition to Napoleon's economic and gov. policies arose, he began to liberalize his regime, like giving the legislature more power. After the French were defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, the Second Empire fell.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven was a famous composer. Though his early work fell in the classical form, his Third Symphony embodied elements of romanticism. He claims," I must write - for what sighs on my heart I must express."

Santa Anna

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans. He abused power and lost land for Mexico to the United States

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Military leader whose Red Shirt army liberated most of southern Italy, before conquering the northern section. He was instrumental in the unification of Italy.

What were the threats to independence in the newly won independent Latin American states?

One major threat was the Concert of Europe favored using troops to restore Spanish control in Latin America in the early 1820s. The British disagreed and proposed to have joint action with the U.S. against European motives in Latin America. Distrustful of the British, James Monroe, president of the U.S., created the Monroe Doctrine that declared the Americas were off limits for any colonization efforts and strongly warned against European intervention. More important to Latin America though, was the British navy which stood between Latin America and European force.

What are the similarities and differences between the revolutions of 1830s and 1848?

Revolutions of 1830 They were usually against the old order. They were ignited by nationalism and liberalism Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions were driven by economic challenges and hardships. The desire to create new constitutions, a free press, jury trials and other liberal reforms played a role. The multi ethnic nations had conflicts of interest. This led to revolutions.

How did science and industrialization contribute to the development of romanticism's celebration of nature?

Romantics did not like science ideas and views of nature. They feared that industrialization would cause people to become blind to nature's charm.

At the end of the 1700s a new intellectual movement known romanticism emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment. Instead of emphasizing on reason, romantism focused on feelings, emotions, and imagination. What did romantics value?

Romantics valued individualism, or the belief in the piques of people. Many. romantics rebelled against middle-class conventions and grew long hair and beards as well as wearing outrageous clothes in order to express individuality. Many romantics had a passionate interest in past ages, such as the Middle Ages. Romantic architects revived medical styles and built castles, cathedrals, city halls, parliamentary buildings, and railway stations in a style called Neo-Gothic.

After the Crimean War, what did the Treaty of Paris state?

Russia agreed to allow Moldavia and Walachia to be placed under the protection of all the great powers.

What were the political climates in Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia?

Russia: The Czars, especially Alexander II, attempted to reform society, but failed to affect any major change and angered a great deal of the population. After his death, Russia stopped reforms and remained politically conservative. Austria: The primary political problem in Austria was that of nationalism and independence. This led to reforms, such as the 1867 creation of the dual monarchy, and increased concerns over separatism. France: France moved more towards authoritarian government with the establishment of the Second Empire, although the spirit of liberalism still existed and forced the empire to pass some liberalizing reforms. Great Britain: The political climate in Great Britain became more liberal as the number of voters increased throughout the nineteenth century, reforms were undertaken, and wages increased.

Dmitri Mendeleyev

Russian chemist who first arranged the elements, creating the first periodic table

Alexander II of Russia

Russian czar who wanted to reform Russia after their loss of power after the Crimean War. He ended serfdom yet couldn't please the people and was assasinated.

What was the significance of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain?

The Agricultural Revolution changed agricultural practices. Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transpiration, and new crops such as the potato imported the food supply. More people could be fed at lower prices with less labor. This, in turn, led to an increase in population.

What were eh revolts like in the Italian States in 1848?

The Congress of Vienna set up nine states in Italy. In 1848, a revolt against the Austrians in Lombardy and Venetia broke out. Revolutionaries in other Italian states took up arms and sought to create liberal constitutions and a unified Italy. By 1849, however, the Austrians had reestablished complete control over Italy and the old order prevailed.

How did the idea of romanticism differ from those of the Enlightenment?

The Enlightenment stressed reason as to the key of truth, whereas romantics emphasized feelings and emotions as the source of knowledge.

How was Germany unified after the failed Frankfurt Assembly in 1848 & 1848?

The Germans looked to the Prussians (who had become stone, prosperous, and reliant on military strength) for unification. The Prussians, under King William I tried to enlarge the army, but when the money was refused to him, he appointed a new prime minister: Count Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck was a practitioner of realpolitik (the "politics of reality") and openly voiced his strong dislike for opposers to him. He ignored the legislative opposition to the military reforms and collected taxes to strengthen the military. He followed an active foreign policy which lead to war. Bismarck defeated Denmark with Austrian help, then defeated Austria after goading them into a war. Prussia now organized the German sates north of the Main River into the North German Confederation. Meanwhile, souther German sates (catholic) feared Protestant Prussia and France. They then signed military alliances with Prussia against France. After the war between Prussia and France (the Franco-Prussian War where France lost) the southern German states entered the North German Confederation. All the important officials of these states came together and William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor pf the Second German Empire.

How did nationalists influence events in the U.S. during the 1800s?

The US Constitution committed the nation to liberalism and nationalism. The Federalists and Republicans fought bitterly about the division of power in new government. Slavery then became a threat to American unity in the Civil War started.

What led to the unification of Italy and Germany after the revolution of 1848?

The crimean war, a conflict which destroyed the Concerts of Europe led to this unification. The Crimean War put two of Europe's largest powers and allies Austria and Russia as enemies. These powers soon declined and allowed for other powers like the Prussians and Italians to take over.

How were the literary arts effected by romanticism?

The literary arts were deeply affected by the romantic interest in the past. - Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe told of clashed between knights in medieval England. Many romantic writers chose medical subjects to express their strong nationalism. - In Gothic literature, Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein in Britain and Edgar Allan Poe's short stories of horror in the U.S. were prominent. Some romantics even sought the unusual in their own life like in dreams and nightmares. - The romantics viewed poverty as a direct expression of the soul. Romantic poetry gave way to one of the most important characteristics of romanticism: its love of nature. They believed nature acted a mirror through which humans could learn about themselves. This was especially prominent in William Wordsworth. - The worship of nature also caused Wordsworth and other romantic poets to be critical of 18th century science (they believed it had reduced nature to the cold object of study). They believed the industrialization would cause people to become alienated.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. He liberated Venezuela.

How did the Crimean War destroy the Concert of Europe?

The outbreak of the Crimean War in 1853 signified the downfall of the Concert of Europe as the great powers engaged in war with one another over matters of national interest. In making an expansionary thrust at the Ottoman Empire, Russia disregarded any pretence of backing an altruistic balance of power.

Why do you think the working conditions during the Industrial Revolution led some to argue for socialism?

The working conditions were pitiful, and people wanted to make them better by having the government intervene. Under socialism it was believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment.

What do Hidalgo, Jose de San Martin, and Simon Bolivar have in common?

They all sought to free the states from Spanish rule and create independent states away from Spain and Portugal. They lead revolts and gathered people to support their causes.

What concessions did the Hungarians gain from the Compromise of 1867?

They gained their own constitution, legislature, government bureaucracy, and capital.

What were romantic artists like and who were some famous ones?

They shared two features: all art was a reflection of the artists' inner feelings, and romantic artist abandoned classical reason for warmth and emotion. - Eugene Delacroix was one of the most famous romantic painters from France. His paintings showed 2 chief characteristics: a fascination with the exotic and a passion for color. His belief os that "a painting is to be a feast to the eye". - Ludwig van Beethoven was a famous composer. Though his early work fell in the classical form, his Third Symphony embodied elements of romanticism. He claims," I must write - for what sighs on my heart I must express."

After Santa Anna lost the war against the U.S., Mexico was lead into a pries of reform. What was this like?

This era was dominated by Benito Juarez, a Mexican national hero. The son of Native American peasants, President Juarez brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system.

What happened in the revolutions of the 1830s?

Though leaders in the 1800s attempted to rule by conservatism, liberalism and nationalism were too strong to quell. In France, when Charles X attempted to censor the press and take way the middle-classes' voting rights, liberals overthrew him and established a constitutional monarchy. Next, in Belgium, nationalists rebelled and created an independent state, and both Poland and Italy made efforts to break free, through they were less successful.

Give examples of cash crops that were grown in Latin America and why they were. cash crops.

Three cash crops grown in Latin America were coffee, sugar, and tobacco. These were cash crops because they were grown for sale, not for domestic use.

What were the revolts in South America characterized by and what happened?

Two main people are regarded as "Liberators of South America": - Simón Bolívar of Venezuela began the struggle for Venezuelan independence in 1810. He also led revolts in New Granada (Colombia) and Ecuador. By 1819, these countries had formed Gran Colombia. - The forces of San Martín liberated Argentina from Spanish authority in 1810. Then, he attacked the Spanish in Chile. He surprised Spanish forces and defeated them in the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817. Chile then declared its independence. Then, he advanced on Lima, Peru, with help from Simon Bolivar and defeated the Spaniards. By the end of 1824, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Chile became independent. Earlier, Brazil declared independence from Portugal, and the Central American states divided into five republics: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.

Define the term universal male suffrage and give examples of when it affected the revolutions of 1848.

Universal male suffrage means all men can vote regardless of status or wealth. This affected both the French revolution and the German states unifying. The french removed their king in hopes of making a democracy, while the Germans wanted a limited monarchy, and a parliament with elections.

cash crop

a crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal use

realism

a mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was

peninsulare

a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe

creole

a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently

mestizo

a person of mixed European and Native American descent

entrepreneur

a person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits

industrial capitalism

an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing

multinational empire

an empire in which people of many nationalities live

romanticism

an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing

What were the results of the revolutionary uprisings that occured throughout Europe in 1848?

despite liberal and national success in France and Belgium, the conservative order still dominated much of Europe. However, liberalism and nationalism continued to grow

What was the Factory Act of 1833?

illegal to hire children under the age of 9 children aged older had milted working hours.

caudillo

in post-revolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite

secularization

indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration

Camillo di Cavour

known for leading Italian unification, he was named prime minister of Sardinia in 1852. Joined Napoleon III to drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces in 1858. He united northern Italy.

capital

money available for investment