CH 10

One of the best-known causes of intellectual development disorder is ____ syndrome, which occurs when chromosome 21 is present in triplicate rather than in duplicate.

Down

_____ factors linked to learning disorders include lead poisoning, birth defects, sensory deprivation, and low socioeconomic group membership.

Environmental

True or false: Drug therapy is not typically used for people diagnosed with intellectual disability disorder.

False Reason: Yes, this is false. Neuroleptics, atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, and other drugs are used.

Which actions would typically be repeated by someone with stereotypic movement disorder? Select all that apply.

Head banging Hair twirling Body rocking Hand waving

For a diagnosis of autism, symptoms must have their onset in early

childhood

The main symptom of major neurocognitive disorders is ________ decline severe enough to interfere in daily living.

cognitive or cognitive functioning

The ____ disorders involve persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language and other means of interaction.

communication

Brain abnormalities in children with diagnoses of ADHD involve the prefrontal ______, which is key to control of cognition and behavior.

cortex

It is thought that stimulants used for the treatment of ADHD increase levels of _____ in the synapses of the brain, enhancing release and inhibiting reuptake of this neurotransmitter.

dopamine

Robert has been diagnosed with autism. His parents note that he does not originate his own language but simply repeats what he has heard. This is called _____.

echolalia

Most people with major NCD experience a loss of_____ functions, those brain functions that involve planning and completing complex behaviors.

executive

_______ factors appear to predispose some people to the brain changes seen in Alzheimer's disease.

genetic or hereditary

In regard to a diagnosis of autism, one criteria is that the onset of symptoms must be _____.

in early childhood

Girls with ADHD tend to display primarily ______ features

inattentive

The best predictors of the outcome of autism are ________ development before the age of 6 and an IQ above 50.

language or speech

The DSM-5 category of specific ____ disorder includes deficits in reading, written language, and mathematics.

learning

In Tay-Sachs disease, there is a progressive degeneration _____ system, leading to mental and physical deterioration.

nervous

Craig has a neurocognitive disorder. When his father says "go to sleep," Craig says, "sleep, sleep, sleep, sleep, sleep, sleep, sleep." The term for this is _____.

palilalia

In the DSM-IV-TR, autism was classified as a(n) _____.

pervasive developmental disorder

The _____ is smaller in volume in the brains of children diagnosed with ADHD.

prefrontal cortex

Rapidly moving a baby's head causes brain damage and is called _____.

shaken baby syndrome

Low socioeconomic status, having parents who don't read to their children, and poverty are all _____ factors that might exacerbate intellectual disability disorder.

sociocultural

About 50 percent of children diagnosed with autism do not acquire useful ______.

speech

Children with ADHD are treated with____ drugs, such as Ritalin, Dexedrine, and Adderall.

stimulant

Children who are diagnosed with ADHD have trouble with which of the following? Select all that apply.

Paying attention Controlling their impulses Accomplishing long-term goals

Which of the following represent the different motor disorders in the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)

Persistent motor or vocal tic disorder Tourette's disorder Developmental coordination disorder Stereotypic movement disorder

Which is true of successful early intervention programs for intellectual disability?

The programs benefit both children with intellectual disabilities and their mothers.

Which is true of those with Down syndrome?

Their life expectancy is shorter than average.

Which of the following are characteristic of symptoms of major and minor neurocognitive disorders? (Select all that apply.)

They arise most often late in life. They arise from medical conditions.

Which is true children diagnosed with ADHD?

They display a number of energetic and distraction-prone behaviors that are normal for all children, but to a much more severe degree.

Which of the following are true of children with autism in terms of play? (Select all that apply.)

They play with a part of a toy rather than the whole toy itself. They engage in bizarre, repetitive behaviors.

Vascular neurocognitive disorders often occur after a large _____ or an accumulation of smaller ones.

stroke

a _____ is sudden damage to an area of the brain due to the blockage of blood flow or to bleeding.

stroke

Neurofibrillary _______ are common in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease but uncommon in normal brains.

tangles

The early onset type of Alzheimer's disease _____.

tends to progress more quickly than late onset

Fragile X syndrome is caused by

the tip of the X chromosome breaking off.

There are _____ subtypes of ADHD in the DSM-5.

three (3)

Down syndrome is also known as _____.

trisomy 21

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder utilizes ______ fundamental behavior domains.

two

Ella recently suffered a stroke, and she is unable to pay attention and has slow processing of information. Her most likely diagnosis is _____.

vascular neurocognitive disorder

One of the first things Connie's mother noticed before Connie was diagnosed with autism was that Connie _____.

would play with parts of toys

What percent of children diagnosed with autism do not acquire useful speech?

50 percent

Anne is 4 years old and has been diagnosed with autism. She has a newborn brother, Tad. How likely is Tad to also have a diagnosis of autism?

50 times more likely than if Anne did not have autism.

Many adults with intellectual disability disorder live in ______, where they receive assistance in the tasks of daily living.

Blank 1: group Blank 2: homes

Which is true of gender differences in ADHD diagnoses?

Boys are more than twice as likely as girls to be diagnosed with ADHD.

Which of the following are biological causes of intellectual disability disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Brain injury Chromosomal abnormalities Metabolic problems Prenatal exposure to toxins

Which of the following are causes of neurocognitive disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Brain tumors Infections Endocrine conditions Nutritional deficiencies

Match the functional domain with its description.

Conceptual - Reading, writing, reasoning, and problem-solvingSocial - Awareness and understanding of others' experiencesPractical - Self-care

Nearly 300 genes affecting brain development and functioning have been implicated in which disorder?

Intellectual disability disorder

In which of the following areas might someone with a specific learning disorder be diagnosed as having a deficit? (Select all that apply.)

Mathematics Reading Written expression

Which of the following are subtypes of ADHD in the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)

Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive Predominantly inattentive presentation Combined presentation

Symptoms of ADHD persist into adulthood for about ______ percent of people diagnosed with ADHD in childhood.

50

Which of the following are associated with families of children with ADHD? (Select all that apply.)

Aggression Substance abuse Frequent disruption

In which version of the DSM is autism classified as an autism spectrum disorder?

DSM-5

In which DSM version is autism classified as a PDD?

DSM-IV-TR

Which task would be challenging for people with impaired executive functions?

Planning and cooking a meal

The DSM-5 identifies _____ different motor disorders.

four

The best predictors of the outcome of autism is language development before age _____ and an IQ above 50.

6

The concordance rate for autism in monozygotic twins is about _____ percent.

60

On average, a person with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease lives _____ after diagnosis.

8 to 10 years

In adulthood, the brain continues to change in response to which of the following? Choose all that apply.

An individual's health An individual's lifestyle Personal experiences

Which of the following are medications used to control the symptoms of autism? (Select all that apply.)

Antipsychotics Stimulants SSRIs

Which of the following are symptoms of major neurocognitive disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Aphasia and apraxia Cognitive decline Memory deficits

Which are documented outcomes of early interventional programs for intellectual disability?

Better mental health of the mothers Improved home environments More responsive and persistent mothers

Which of the following are true of Tay-Sachs disease? (Select all that apply.)

It involves degeneration of the nervous system. It occurs primarily in Jewish populations. It is carried by a recessive gene.

Which of the following is true of vascular NCD?

It is a neurocognitive disorder.

Which of the following are true of fragile X syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

It is an intellectual disability disorder. It affects primarily males.

Which of the following are true of phenylketonuria? (Select all that apply.)

It is treated with a special diet. It can cause intellectual disability. It is carried by a recessive gene.

A neurocognitive disorder involving round structures that develop in the brain is _____.

Lewy body disease

Children with intellectual disability are more likely to come from what kind of socioeconomic background?

Low

Adults diagnosed with ADHD as children are at increased risk for which of the following? Select all that apply.

Marital problems Mood disorders Legal troubles Substance abuse Anti-social personality disorder

_____ is one behavioral strategy that can be used with children diagnosed with intellectual disability disorder.

Modeling Psychoanalysis is not a behavioral strategy, it is a model of psychotherapy.

Which of the following is true with regard to gender differences in neurocognitive disorders?

More women than men are affected.

Which of the following is true of Tourette's disorder?

Multiple motor and one or more vocal tics are present.

Which of the following DSM-5 categories describes disorders with typical onset late in life, caused by underlying medical conditions, and involving perceptual disturbances, and difficulties in planning and organizing and/or the ability to identify objects?

Neurocognitive disorders

Which of the following are brain abnormalities found in people with Alzheimer's disease? (Select all that apply.)

Neurofibrillary tangles made up of tau Plaques that are deposits of beta-amyloid

Which of the following is not a typical feature of parents of children diagnosed with ADHD?

Overconscientiousness

Which of the following is a genetically transmitted metabolic disorder that causes intellectual development disorder because a child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine?

PKU

The diagnostic criteria for intellectual developmental disorder involves deficits in which of the following domains? (Select all that apply.)

Practical Social Conceptual

Which of the following best represent palilalia? (Select all that apply.)

Repeating sounds over and over again Saying the same word repeatedly

Which of the following is the best definition of echolalia?

Repeating what has just been said

Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by which of the following? Select all that apply.

Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests Deficits in social interactions and communications

Mitch has been diagnosed with several learning disorders. Which of the following are environmental factors that may have created the risk for this diagnosis?

Sensory deprivation Lead poisoning Birth defects

Which is true of genetic links to Alzheimer's disease?

Several genes seem to be linked to the development of the disease.

_____ baby syndrome involves bleeding in and around the brain or behind the eyes, which can lead to seizures, partial or total blindness, paralysis, intellectual development disorder, or death

Shaken

Which of the following are typical characteristics of Down syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

Small nose, ears, mouth, and head size Intellectual development disorder Impulsive behavior, poor judgment, and low attention span Flattened nose

Which of the following are categories of communication disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Speech disorder Language disorder Social communication disorder

Which symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are improved by medication? Select all that apply.

Stereotyped behaviors Overactivity Sleep disturbances

Which of the following are possible factors associated with vascular neurocognitive disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Stroke High blood pressure

In what way do the repetitive behaviors typical of stereotypic movement disorder differ from tics?

The individual engages in them for an extended period of time

Andy has multiple motor and vocal tics and sometimes shouts obscenities in church and the classroom. These behaviors have persisted for over a year and began when he was 13. His most likely diagnosis is _____.

Tourette's syndrome

True or false: Nearly 300 genes affecting brain development and functioning have been implicated in the development of intellectual disability disorder.

True Reason: Yes, this is true, which means there is a high incidence in families of a variety of intellectual problems.

Caleb is a young adult with an intellectual disability disorder. His parents have decided he needs help with daily living tasks. They will most likely recommend _____ for Caleb.

a group home

The last few decades have brought us new knowledge in how much the brain changes _____.

across the lifespan

Hannah suffered a stroke, which means that _____.

an area of her brain was damaged due to the blockage of blood flow or to bleeding

the ______ antipsychotics are sometimes used to reduce aggressiveness and self-injurious behaviors in people with intellectual disability disorder.

atypical

In the DSM-5, autism is classified as a(n) _____.

autism spectrum disorder Reason: In the DSM-5, autism is classified as an autism spectrum disorder. It was in the DSM-IV-TR that it was diagnosed as a PDD.

______ strategies that involve rewarding positive actions and reducing negative ones are often utilized in people diagnosed with intellectual disability disorder to better integrate them into the community.

behavioral

There are many ______ causes of intellectual disability disorder, including chromosomal and gestational disorders and prenatal exposure to toxins.

biological or genetic