Ch. 10 WH

Heliocentric

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

Stamp Act

a tax imposed by England on the colonies on items such as newspapers and pamphlets

Enlightened Despot

an absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change

Treaty of Paris

document ending the war, in which Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America

George III

king of England during the American revolution

Johannes Kepler

mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical

James Madison

one of the authors of the Constitution

Baroque

ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s

Rococo

personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s

Benjamin Franklin

philosopher, scientist, publisher, legislator, diplomat, and a framer of the Constitution

Thomas Jefferson

principal author of the Declaration of Independence

censorship

restrictions on access to ideas or infromation

Issac Newton

scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically

Robert Boyle

scientist who explained all matter as being composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways; proposed laws governing gases

Galileo

scientist who proved that the Earth moves around the sun; in 1633, the Inquisition forced him to recant his heliocentric views

Yourktown, Virginia

site where George Washington forced the surrender of the British army in 1781, after which the British war effort crumbled

Gravity

the force that keeps the planets in orbit around the sun

Montesquieu

1. 3 basic kinds of governments 1) Republics- good for small nations. 2) Monarchies- good for medium-sized nations 3) Despotism- good for large nations 2. Pushed the idea of "separation of powers". This is accomplished through a system of "Checks and balances"

Voltaire

1. Came up with the idea of "deism" 1) God created the universe and then left it alone. 2) God left us with natural laws that govern everything 3) the world was sort of like a clock, and god was the clockmaker.

Rousseau

1. Came up with the idea of a social contract. 1) people will be governed no matter what. 2) liberty is achieved by following what is best for the nation. people will be "forced" to be free

Diderot

1. Established the Encyclopedia 2. Wanted to change society and the way people think. Wanted more tolerance among society. 3. Many articles attacked religion, politics, social customs, and legal customs.

John Locke

1. Every person was born with a blank slate. Called a Tabula Rasa. 2. As we grow and mature, our experiences determine what will go on that slate. 3. Nature vs. Nurture... Locke would pick Nurture.

Beccaria

1. Legal punishment should not be cruel and harsh. 2. there should be no capital punishment

Thomas Hobbes

1. People are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. 2. if not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob, and oppress one another/ 3. to escape this "brutish" life, people enter into a social contract. Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.

Adam Smith

1. Wrote the book "Wealth of Nations" 2. Described how a lassez-faire style of government works 3. 3 basic purposes for the government: 1) protecting society from invasion. 2) defending the citizens from injustice. 3) Maintain public works.

Mary Wollstonecraft

1. claimed that men were hypocrites. Men did not like the absolute power of monarchs, but they were absolute rulers when it came to women.

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct

Francis Bacon

English thinker who, with Descartes, rejected the assumptions of Aristotle; stressed experimentation and observation

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician who proposed the need to search for provable knowledge

Salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

Popular Sovereignty

John Lockes idea that all government power comes from the people

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

George Washington

Virginia planter and soldier who became the head of the Continental Army

Isaac Newton

Thought that it was possible to best understand the way society works by discovering natural law responsible for keeping everything together. Politically, socially, religiously, economically, ect...

calculus

a branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton

federal republic

a government in which the power is divided between the federal government and the states

Hypothesis

a logical or possible explanation to a problem to be tested using the scientific method

Scientific Method

a step-by-step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data