Ch. 10 WH
Heliocentric
The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
Stamp Act
a tax imposed by England on the colonies on items such as newspapers and pamphlets
Enlightened Despot
an absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change
Treaty of Paris
document ending the war, in which Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America
George III
king of England during the American revolution
Johannes Kepler
mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical
James Madison
one of the authors of the Constitution
Baroque
ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s
Rococo
personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s
Benjamin Franklin
philosopher, scientist, publisher, legislator, diplomat, and a framer of the Constitution
Thomas Jefferson
principal author of the Declaration of Independence
censorship
restrictions on access to ideas or infromation
Issac Newton
scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically
Robert Boyle
scientist who explained all matter as being composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways; proposed laws governing gases
Galileo
scientist who proved that the Earth moves around the sun; in 1633, the Inquisition forced him to recant his heliocentric views
Yourktown, Virginia
site where George Washington forced the surrender of the British army in 1781, after which the British war effort crumbled
Gravity
the force that keeps the planets in orbit around the sun
Montesquieu
1. 3 basic kinds of governments 1) Republics- good for small nations. 2) Monarchies- good for medium-sized nations 3) Despotism- good for large nations 2. Pushed the idea of "separation of powers". This is accomplished through a system of "Checks and balances"
Voltaire
1. Came up with the idea of "deism" 1) God created the universe and then left it alone. 2) God left us with natural laws that govern everything 3) the world was sort of like a clock, and god was the clockmaker.
Rousseau
1. Came up with the idea of a social contract. 1) people will be governed no matter what. 2) liberty is achieved by following what is best for the nation. people will be "forced" to be free
Diderot
1. Established the Encyclopedia 2. Wanted to change society and the way people think. Wanted more tolerance among society. 3. Many articles attacked religion, politics, social customs, and legal customs.
John Locke
1. Every person was born with a blank slate. Called a Tabula Rasa. 2. As we grow and mature, our experiences determine what will go on that slate. 3. Nature vs. Nurture... Locke would pick Nurture.
Beccaria
1. Legal punishment should not be cruel and harsh. 2. there should be no capital punishment
Thomas Hobbes
1. People are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. 2. if not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob, and oppress one another/ 3. to escape this "brutish" life, people enter into a social contract. Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.
Adam Smith
1. Wrote the book "Wealth of Nations" 2. Described how a lassez-faire style of government works 3. 3 basic purposes for the government: 1) protecting society from invasion. 2) defending the citizens from injustice. 3) Maintain public works.
Mary Wollstonecraft
1. claimed that men were hypocrites. Men did not like the absolute power of monarchs, but they were absolute rulers when it came to women.
Tycho Brahe
Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct
Francis Bacon
English thinker who, with Descartes, rejected the assumptions of Aristotle; stressed experimentation and observation
Rene Descartes
French philosopher and mathematician who proposed the need to search for provable knowledge
Salons
Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas
Popular Sovereignty
John Lockes idea that all government power comes from the people
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe
George Washington
Virginia planter and soldier who became the head of the Continental Army
Isaac Newton
Thought that it was possible to best understand the way society works by discovering natural law responsible for keeping everything together. Politically, socially, religiously, economically, ect...
calculus
a branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton
federal republic
a government in which the power is divided between the federal government and the states
Hypothesis
a logical or possible explanation to a problem to be tested using the scientific method
Scientific Method
a step-by-step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data