Ch 11 Drinking Alcohol Responsibility
alcohol-related costs to society are estimated to be well over_(overall, per person, per drink; include what kind of costs alcoholism has on society (4))
$223.5 billion, $746 per person, or about $1.90 per drink, when health insurance, criminal justice costs, treatment costs, and lost productivity are factored in
laboratory and test track research shows that the vast majority of drivers are impaired even at _BAC with regard to critical driving tasks. The likelihood of a driver being involved in a fatal crash rises significantly with a BAC of _and even more rapidly after_
-0.08% -0.05% -0.08%
over the past 20 years, the percentages of intoxicated drivers (BACs greater than _)involved in fatal crashes _for all age groups. what are several factors probably contributed to these?
-0.08% -decreasd -several factors probably contributed to these reduction fatalities: laws that raised the drinking age to 21, stricter law enforcement, laws, laws prohibiting anyone under 21 from driving with any detectable BAC, increased automobile safety, and educational programs designed to discourage drinking and driving. furthermore, all states have zero-tolerance laws for driving while intoxicated, and the penalty is usually suspension of the driver's license
the breakdown of alcohol occurs at a fairly constant rate of _
-0.5 ounce per hour (equivalent to one standard drink)
over_of alcoholics relapse within the first _months of treatment
-1/2 -3 months
the risk of being involved in an alcohol-related crash increases not only with the time of day, but also with the day of the week. explain
-26% of all fatal crashes during the week were alcohol related, compared with 48% on weekends
In binge drinking, how many Americans, how many times a month, how many drinks per binge?
-38 billion (1 in 6) Americans binge drink -about 4 times a month -the largest number of drinks per binge is on average eight
percentages of gender that perform pre-gaming
-55% of college men and 60% of college women drank before going to a bar or nightclub
90% of people who drink alcohol are classified as_(3) drinkers
-90% -moderate, light, or infrequent drinkers
at meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) what members do regarding their name and if they want to talk? (2) what they are taught? what members can talk about?
-At meetings, participants do no give their last names, and no one is forced to speak -members are taught that alcoholism is a life-time problem and that they can never drink alcohol again -they share struggles and atalk about the devastating effects alcoholism has had on their personal and professional lives
what disulfiram does to the body of the alcoholic? (reason causes illness to person that drink alcohol; effects)
-Disulfiram inhibits the breakdown of acetaldehyde form the liver -If individuals taking this drug drink alcohol or consume any foods with alcohol content, acetaldehyde will build up in the liver and causes nausea and vomiting. -other unpleasant effects, such as headache, bad breath, drowsiness, and temporary impotence discourage drinking
what Women for Sobriety addresses?
-addresses the specific needs of female alcoholics, who often have more severe problems than do males
what are 2 branches of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)?
-al-anion -alateen
how alcohol affects pancreas? (long-term effect)
-alcohol abuse is a major cause of chronic inflammation of the pancreas, the organ that produces digestive enzymes and insulin
explain how alcohol use among college students has consequences related to academic performance (sleep)
-alcohol consumption tends to disrupt sleep, particularly the second half of the night's sleep, and these disruptive effects increase daytime sleepiness and decrease alertness -research show that daytime sleepiness as a result of alcohol use and disruptive sleep negatively impacts students'academic performance
according to one study, 1825 college students die each year because of _. _ is the number one cause of preventable death among undergraduate college students in the US today
-alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including car accidents. -consumption of alcohol
what is done in individual and group therapy used in alcoholism recovery program?
-alcoholics learn positive coping skills for situations that have regularly caused them to turn to alcohol
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.25-0.34%
-always impaired -impaired consciousness, disorientation, loss of motor function, severely impaired or no reflexes, impaired circulation and respiration, uncontrolled urination, slurred speech, possible death
describe the characteristics of women at highest risk (marital status, ages, partner)
-are those who are unmarried but living with a partner, are in their 20s or early 30s, or have a husband or partner who drinks heavily
characteristics of an alcoholic (signs)
-as with other drug addictions, craving, loss of control, tolerance, psychological dependence, and withdrawal symptoms must be present to qualify a drinker as an addict
what can relieve a hangover's discomforts? (3)
-bed rest -solid food -aspirin
long-term health effects of alcohol consumption affect what body parts?
-brain -immune system -heart -liver -digestive system -bones -reproductive system
Both_(2) are used to determine whetehr an individual is legally intoxicated, but _are more accurate measures of BAC
-breath analysis (breathalyzer test) and urinalysis -blood tests are more accurate measures of BAC
explain the short-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: skin
-broken capillaries -flushing, sweating, heat loss
what to do if someone is suspected to have alcohol poisoning?
-call 9-1-1 immediately (911)
consuming 4 or more drinks a day during pregnancy may significantly increase the risk of _. however, any use can result in_
-childhood mental health and learning problems -in varying degrees of effects, ranging form mild learning disabilities to major physical, mental, and intellectual impairment
how alcohol affects enzymes? (long-term effect)
-chronic alcohol abuse inhibits enzyme production,which further inhibits the absorption of nutrients
explain the long-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: digestive system
-chronic inflammation of stomach and pancreas -increased risk of cancers of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and colon
unfortunately, of the crash caused by binge drinking and driving, _are over represented in alcohol-related crashes
-college students
alcoholic hepatitis (what causes it, what happens to liver, how serious? can progress to_)
-condition resulting from prolonged use of alcohol in which the liver is inflamed (chronic inflammation of liver) -can be fatal in itself or progress to cirrhosis
naltrexone works most effectively with _
-counseling and other forms of psychotherapy
heavy drinking was associated with _by men in their first year in college
-dating violence by men
among women, heavy drinking in their sophomore year predicted _in their_year
-dating violence in their junior year
explain the short-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: heart and lungs
-decreased pulse and respiratory rate -lowered blood pressure
list short-term effects of alcohol
-dehydration -hangover -injuries due to alcohol -wrong sexual decision making due to alcohol -alcohol poisoning
for a small percentage of people, alcohol withdrawal results in a severe syndrome known as_
-delirium tremens (DTs)
alcoholics who quit drinking will experience _
-detoxification
problems associated with long-term, habitual alcohol abuse include _(diseases)
-diseases of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and liver, as well as some cancers
hard liquor is produced through further processing called_
-distillation -
what are medicines used in the pharmacological treatment to treat alcoholism? (3)
-disulfiram -naltrexone -acamprosate
what is a common drug used for treating alcoholism?
-disulfiram (trade name Antabuse)
what activities encourage binge drinking?
-drinking competitions, celebrations, or games and hazing rituals
explain the short-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: senses
-dulled senses of taste and smell -less acute vision and hearing
college students are more likely than their noncollegiate peers to drink recklessly and engage in _
-engage in drinking games and other dangerous practices
people who begin drinking at an early age are at much higher risk of _
-experiencing alcohol abuse or dependence -drinking five or more drinks per drinking occasion -driving under the influence of alcohol at least weekly
children in such dysfunctional families generally assume at least one of the fololwing roles: (4, describe each; children roles)
-family hero: tries to divert attention from the problem by being too good to be true -scapegoat: draw attention away from the family's primary problem through misbehavior -lost child: becomes passive and quietly withdraws from upsetting situations -mascot: disrupts tense situations by providing comic relief
what are other risk factors for drinking problems among all women? (4)
-family history of drinking problems -pressure to drink form a peer or spouse -depression -stress
who take action before the alcoholic does?
-family members of alcoholic
3 types of therapy used in alcoholism recovery programs
-family therapy -individual therapy -group therapy
cell function can be partially restored at _stage with proper nutrition and abstinence form alcohol. however, if the person continues to drink, _results. At this point, liver_(how affected)
-fibrosis -cirrhosis results -liver cells die and the damage becomes permanent
In order to avoid relapse, what an alcoholic must do?
-for alcoholics, it is important to ID situations that could trigger a relapse ex: becoming angry or frustrated and being around others who drink
congeners
-forms of alcohol that are metabolized more slowly than ethanol and produce toxic by-products -more toxic than ethanol
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) relies on _to help people_
-group support to help people stop drinking
to be effective, recovery programs must offer alcoholics ways to increase_and resume_
-increase self-esteem -resume personal growth
due to alcohol, what causes nausea the next morning? (related to hangover)
-increased production of hydrochloric acid can irritate the stomach lining and cause nausea
explain the long-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: liver
-increased risk of liver cancer -fatty liver and cirrhosis
explain the long-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: bones
-increased risk of osteoporosis
As short-term effect, alcohol is a diuretic that causes_. although this effect might be expected to lead to automatic _, the body actually retains_. what really happens? what symptoms drinkers may suffer?
-increased urinary output -dehydration -the body actually retains water, most of it in muscles or cerebral tissue -because water is usually pulled out of the cerebrospinal fluid within the brain and spinal cord, drinkers may suffer symptoms that include the "morning-after" effects
explain the short-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: urinary system
-increased urination
what is al-anon about?
-is the group dedicated to helping adult relatives and friends of alcoholics understand the disease and how they can contribute to the recovery process
what effects has disulfiram on alcoholic taking it?
-it is given to deter drinking, as it causes an individual to become acutely ill when he or she consumes alcohol
who drinks? (college students) (2)
-it is likely that students who enter college will drink at some point, but there are groups of students who are more likely to drink more and more often -students who believe that their parents approve of their drinking are more likely to drink and to report drinking-related problems. -Students who drank heavily in high school are also at risk for heavy drinking in college
why Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS) was founded?
-it was founded to help people who are uncomfortable with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)'s spiritual emphasis
people who are intoxicated are _(regarding sexual decision making)
-less likely to use safer sex practices and more likely to engage in high-risk sexual activity
short-term health effects of alcohol consumption affect what body parts?
-nervous system -senses -skin -heart and lungs -stomach -urinary system -sexual response
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.01%
-not impaired -negligible
drinking and binge drinkers cause problems to_. 2 examples
-not only for themselves, but also for those around them ex: assaults by student that had been drinking, rape, alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape
on some college campuses, the problems associated with alcohol abuse are so great that student health centers are_
-opening their own treatment programs
the prescription drugs that are most commonly combined with alcohol include: (4)
-opioids (ex:Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet) -stimulants (ex: Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta) -sedative/anxiety medications (ex: Ativan and Xanax) -Sleeping medications (ex: Ambien, Halcion)
How living with a family member (or friend or roommate) who is an alcoholic can be extremely stressful?
-people in close proximity to alcoholics can find themselves in codependent relationships that are often emotionally destructive or abusive and that enable the alcoholic's addiction
People can develop _(2) tolerance of the effects of alcohol through _. why?
-physical and psychological -regular use -the nervous system adapts over time, so greater amounts of alcohol are required to produce the same physiological and psychological effects
hangover (definition, includes what symptoms, _term effect of alcohol)
-physiological reaction to excessive drinking, including headache, upset stomach, anxiety, depression, diarrhea, and thirst -short-term effect of alcohol
children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) may experience problems such as_(abilities)
-poor memory and impaired learning -reduced attention span -impulsive behavior -poor problem-solving abilities
what could explain the connection between cancer and alcohol?
-possible link between acetaldehyde and DNA damage that could help explain the connection between drinking and certain types of cancer
what universities and colleges doing to reduce student drinking? (efforts to reduce student drinking)
-some colleges are taking action to curb binge drinking and alcohol abuse by instituting strong policies against drinking -University policies include banning alcohol on campus, no alcohol at university events, and no advertising of alcohol in campus newspapers -many fraternities have elected to have "dry" houses -at the same time, schools are making more help available to students with drinking problems. Today, most campuses offer both individual and group counseling and are directing more attention toward preventing alcohol abuse -student organizations such as BACCHUS (Boost Alcohol Consciousness Concerning the Health of University Students) promote responsible drinking and party hosting
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) also has auxiliary groups to help _(who)
-spouses or partners, friends, and children of alcoholics
As BAC increases, the drinker suffers_
-suffers increasingly negative physiological and psychological effects
Tips to know how to talk to someone about alcohol abuse:
-talk when he or she is sober. Avoid lecturing. -restrict comments to what you have experiences of the person's behavior -use concrete examples: "You started a fight," or "You were hung over and failed an exam." -Contrast sober and drunk behavior: "You have the most wonderful sense of humor, but when you drink it turns into cruel sarcasm" -Distinguish between the person you like and the behavior you don't -encourage him or her to consult a professional. Offer to go along for support
_substances cause birth defects. of the 30 known in the environment, _is one of the most dangerous
-teratogenic -alcohol
the_(organization) has studied interventions that effectively deal with the problem. Programs that have proven particularly effective include cognitive-behavioral skills training with _, which is_. and _, which are _
-the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) -motivational interviewing, a nonjudgmental approach to working with students to change behavior -e-Interventions, which are electronically based alcohol education interventions using text messages
what system of body is especially sensitive to alcohol?
-the nervous system
detoxification
-the process by which addicts end their dependence on a drug -happens when alcoholics quit drinking
Blood Alcohol concentration (BAC) (definition, how this factor is used)
-the ratio of alcohol to total blood volume -the factor used to measure the physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol
what is done in family therapy used in alcoholism recovery program?
-the recovering alcoholic and family members examine the psychological reasons underlying the addiction
how are the meetings of Women for Sobriety? (number of people and strategies used)
-unlike Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings, where attendance can be quite large, each group has no more than 10 members -these meetings focus on behavioral changes through positive reinforcement, cognitive strategies, relaxation techniques, meditation, diet, exercise, and dynamic group involvement
_(gender) are the fastest growing populations of alcohol abusers. when they tend to become alcoholics in time wise?
-women -they tend to become alcoholics at later ages and after fewer years of heavy drinking than do male alcoholics
facts of women drinking regarding negative consequences
-women get addicted faster with less alcohol use and then suffer the consequences more profoundly -women alcoholics have greater risk for cirrhosis; excessive memory loss and shrinkage of the brain; heart disease; and cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon than do male alcoholics
Differences in alcohol concentration in blood by gender: enzyme (include BAC values)
-women have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach before it reaches the bloodstream and the brain. So if man and women drink the same amount of alcohol, the women's BAC will be approx 30% higher than the man's
women cancer related to alcohol (how this applies to young girls)
-women who consume even low levels of alcohol (3-6 drinks per week) have a higher risk of breast cancer compared to those who abstain -risk for beast cancer is higher for women who consume more than 2 drinks per day -Girls and young women who drink alcohol increase their risk of benign (noncancerous) breast disease. benign breast disease increases the risk for developing breast cancer
In a new trend on college campuses, how gender consumption of alcohol compares?
-women's consumption of alcohol has come close to equaling men's
explain the long-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: reproductive system (women vs men; both sexes)
-women: menstrual irregularities and increased risk of birth defects -men: impotence and testicular atrophy -both sexes: increased risk of breast cancer
whether you experience any immediate or long-term consequences as a result of your alcohol use depends on _(3)
-you as an individual -the amount of alcohol you consume -your circumstances
List in order the heavy alcohol use by Ethnicity (6) (drinking by race)
1. Native Americans/ Alaska Natives 2. Whites 3. Persons reporting two or more races 4. Latino 5. African Americans 6. Asian Americans
most treatment facilities keep how long the patient?
3 to 6 weeks
what is the age group that most often binge drinks?
65 and older
Despite growing recognition of our national alcohol problem, only _% of alcoholics in the US receive care in a special facility
8%
who defines the standard drink? (organizaiton)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
Which condition are smokers twice as likely to experience? Is it a) stroke or b) angina?
The answer is A - stroke.
Is it a) true or b) false that secondhand smoke contains more tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide and ammonia that mainstream smoke inhaled by a smoker?
The answer is A - true.
People who suffer from a) angina or b) an irregular heartbeat should not drink caffeine because the increase in heart rate might be life-threatening.
The answer is B - an irregular heartbeat.
If a woman drinks during the last trimester of pregnancy, she risks a) facial deformities or b) central nervous system damage in her unborn child.
The answer is B - central nervous system damage.
Women who drink heavily may ultimately face a) ovarian cancer or b) osteoporosis?
The answer is B - osteoporosis.
Which is an effect of smoking on the heart? Is it a) it increases HDL cholesterol or b) encourages the buildup of fatty deposits in arteries?
The answer is B - the buildup of fatty deposits.
The percentage of traffic accidents in recent years related to alcohol use is a) more than 15% or b) more than 40%.
The answer is B. In 2002, 41% of traffic-related deaths were caused by drinking.
The most widely used drug on college campuses is a) alcohol or b) marijuana?
The answer is a - alcohol. About 90% of college students say that they have drunk alcohol over the past year.
A mixed drink contains a) the same amount or b) a higher amount of ethyl alcohol as does a bottle of beer.
The answer is a. A 4-ounce glass of wine has about the same amount of alcohol as does a 12-ounce bottle or beer or a mixed drink with one and a half ounces of alcohol.
Bidis, small flavored cigarettes, contain a) fewer or b) more harmful chemicals than regular cigarettes.
The answer is b - more chemicals. They contain three times more carbon monoxide and nicotine and five times more tar than regular cigarettes.
Drinking is a) a behavior that affects only the drinker or b) a behavior that affects those around the drinker.
The answer is b- because the drinker might start fights, cause car accidents, become a sexual victimizer, or disturb others' abilities to sleep or study, among other potential problems.
Which is a possible cause of death from alcohol poisoning? Is it a) respiration stimulation or b) inhalation of vomit into the lungs?
The answer is b- inhalation of vomit into the lungs.
One reason college students seem particularly likely to drink heavily is that a) they are rarely targeted by alcohol advertisers or b) college students are especially vulnerable to peer pressure.
The answer is b. College students have a strong need to be accepted by peers and are certainly targeted for all kinds of tobacco and alcohol advertising and promotions.
What are the physiological effects of a .08 BAC?
Your balance, speech, vision coordination, and hearing are all slightly impaired you may be feeling very confident emotionally.
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.08%
a person feels euphoric, and there is further motor impairment
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.02%
a person feels slightly relaxed and in a good mood
what is the only sure way to avoid hangover? (cure to hangover)
abstain from excessive alcohol use in the first place
a recent pharmaceutical treatment for alcoholism approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is called_
acamprosate (Campral)
how acetaldehyde affects our body?
acetaldehyde is a toxic chemical that can cause immediate symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, as well as long-term effects, such as liver damage
standard drink
amount of any beverage that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol (0.6 fluid ounce or 1.2 tablespoons) *for number of standard drinks of beer, malt liquor, wine, and proof spirits (vodka) see page 330 figure 11.1*
understanding alcohol absorption and metabolism can help us prevent _
avoid life-threatening alcohol-related circumstances such as alcohol poisoning
how disulfiram works best? why?
because disulfiram does not reduce the cravings for alcohol, this treatment works best in conjunction with ongoing psychotherapy and support groups
approx 44% of all college students engage in _
binge drinking
alcohol is considered a _
carcinogen
as age increases, the number of people who consume alcohol regularly _.
decreases
most people with alcohol problems are _(work status)
employed employed adults have 27% greater risk of having an alcohol problem compared to adults not in the workforce
The intoxicating substance found in beer, wine, liquor , and liqueurs (alcohol) is _
ethyl alcohol
what is the goal of many pre-gamers?
get drunk
Although the number of episodes of driving after drinking have _during the past 5 years, it remains a serious problem in the US
gone down by 30%
an effective method of helping an alcoholic confront the disease is a process called_
intervention
dehydration (definition, what term effect of alcohol)
loss of water from body tissues -short-term effect of alcohol
once alcohol has been absorbed into the bloodstream, where goes and what becomes? (include name of enzyme) how ultimately metabolized by body?
once it has been absorbed into the bloodstream, alcohol circulate throughout the body and is metabolized in the liver, where it is converted to acetaldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase -it is then rapidly oxidized to acetate, converted to carbon dioxide and water, and eventually excreted from body
people seeking to regain a healthy lifestyle must fight against what 2 things?
people seeking to regain a healthy lifestyle must not only confront their addiction, but also guard against the tendency to relapse
even people who drink moderately experience _(in brain)
shrinkage in brain size and weight and a loss of some degree of intellectual ability
when discussing alcohol consumption, researchers usually talk in terms of _
standard drinks
alcohol use is also a key factor in many _
suicides and rapes about 2/3 of all completed suicides involve alcohol, and more than 30% of rape victims reported that their assailant was under the influence of alcohol
what the 12 steps of 12-step program ask members to do?
the 12 steps ask members to address recovery one step at a time and to place their faith and control of their habit into the hands of a "Higher Power"
which college students are least likely to seek help?
the heaviest drinkers are the least likely to seek treatment,
explain the alcohol absorption factor: alcohol concentration in drink
the higher the concentration of alcohol in your drink, the more rapidly it will be absorbed
Differences in alcohol concentration in blood by gender: hormonal differnces
-Hormonal differences can also play a role: certain points in the menstrual cycle and the use of oral contraceptives are likely to contribute to longer periods of intoxication -This prolonged peak appears to be related to a women's estrogen levels (low levels before menstrual cycle)
what to keep in mind when trying to estimate blood alcohol concentration using standard drinks as a measure?
-If you are estimating blood alcohol concentration using standard drinks as a measure, you need to keep in mind the size of your drinks as well as their proof ex: bought 1 beer but if came in 22 ounce up, that counts as 2 standard drinks
besides the addict, who else is affected?
-In addition of harming themselves, people who abuse alcohol cause tremendous harm to their family and friends -everyone close to an addicted person suffers and becomes a part of the dynamics of addiction -Alcoholism is a family disease, and friends, roomates, and fellow fraternity or sorority members can also be considered a family ex: many children in US have parent that has experienced an alcohol use disorder
what is not considered an alcoholic? (signs)
-Irresponsible and problem drinkers, such as people who get into fights or embarrass themselves or others when they drink, are not necessarily alcoholics
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (definition with goal, branches, type of organization)
-Organization whose goal is to help alcoholics stop drinking -includes auxiliary branches such as Al-Anon amd Alateen -private, nonprofit, self-help organization founded in 1935
alcohol poisoning (other name, definition, when occurs, what term effect of alcohol consumption)
-also known as acute alcohol intoxication -potentially lethal blood alcohol concentration that inhibits the brain's ability to control consciousness, respiration, and heart rate -usually occurs as a result of drinking a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time -short-term effect of alcohol consumption
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.15-0.24%
-always impaired -blurred vision, lack of motor skills, sedation, slowed reactions, difficulty standing and walking, passing out
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.08-0.14%
-always impaired -slowed reaction time, poor muscle coordination, short-term memory loss, judgment impaired, inability to focus
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.35% and up
-always impaired -unconsciousness, coma, extremely slow heartbeat and respiration, unresponsiveness, probable death
social and cultural factors may trigger the affliction for many people who _
-are not genetically predisposed to alcoholism
what are reasons or motivations for pre-gaming?
-avoid paying for high-cost drinks -to socialize with friends -reduce social anxiety -to enhance male bonding
who has greater alcohol concentration in their blood: fat vs thin people? why?
-because alcohol does not diffuse as rapidly into body fat as it does into water, alcohol concentration is higher in a person with more body fat
why use web-based education for first year students?
-because first-year students are at increasing risk for alcohol-related problems, schools ensure that students are made aware of risk and effects of alcohol
why binge drinking is extremely dangerous? (4 consequences)
-because it can lead to extreme intoxication, unconsciousness, alcohol poisoning, and even death
which gender has greater alcohol concentration and why? who will become more intoxicated?
-because women tend to have more body fat and less water in their tissues than men of the same weight, women will become more intoxicated after drinking the same amount of alcohol
For _(3 alcoholic beverages) the process ends with fermentation
-beers -ales -wines
what problem related with alcohol has been increasing?
-binge drinking is a bigger problem now than previously
factors that infleunce alcohol abuse and alcoholism (4)
-biological and family factors -social and cultural factors
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
-birth defect involving physical and mental impairment that results from the mother's alcohol
Students who took prescription drugs while drinking were more likely to _(3) (alcohol with prescription drugs)
-black out -vomit -engage in other risk behaviors such as drunk driving and unplanned sex
As short-term effect, people who engage in _(drinking type) put themselves at risk for _
-brief drinking sprees during which they consume unusually high amounts of alcohol -irregular heartbeat or even total lost of heart rhythm, which can disrupt blood flow and even damage the heart muscle
drinking alcohol can block the absorption of _(mineral), a nutrient that _(what does). This should be of particular concern to women because of their risk for _(disease) (long-term effect)
-calcium -nutrient that strengthen bonds -osteoporosis
the repeated irritation caused by long-term alcohol use has been linked to _(what cancers) (5)
-cancers of the esophagus, stomach, mouth, tongue, and liver
within short-term effects of alcohol, the most dramatic effects produced by ethanol occur within _(system of body).how? what other functions controlled by this system are impaired? (4) what happen in extreme cases?
-central nervous system (CNS) -alcohol depresses CNS functions, which decreases respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure. As CNS depression deepens, vital functions become noticeably affected -in extreme cases coma and death can result
while alcohol can sometimes play a positive role in some people's lives, it is first and foremost a _ (negative rol of alcohol)
-chemical substance that affects both physical and mental functions -alcohol is a drug
liver diseases (4)
-cirrhosis -fatty liver -fibrosis -alcoholic hepatitis
what is one of the most common diseases related to alcohol abuse? it is among top ten causes of _
-cirrhosis (liver disease) -top ten causes of death in US
what Billy Mays died of?
-cocaine overdose
who has greater concentration of alcohol in their blood: heavier people with larger body surfaces vs thin people and why?
-heavier people have larger body surfaces through which to diffuse alcohol; therefore, they have lower concentration of alcohol in their blood than do thin people after drinking the same amount
what is alateen about? (who helps and to do what)
-helps adolescents living with alcoholic parents -they are taught that they are not at fault for their parents' problems -They develop their self-esteem to overcome their guilt and function better socially
apparently, then, some _(2 factors) plays a decisive roles in the development of alcoholism
-hereditary and environment
pre-gamers have _alcohol consumption during the evening and more negative consequences such as _
-higher -blackouts, hangovers, passing out, and alcohol poisoning
what family factors (possible hereditary) make alcoholism more likely? (hereditary and environmental causes)
-higher rates of alcoholism among children of alcoholics than on the general population -development of alcoholism among individuals with a family history of alcoholism is about 4 to 8 times more common than it is among individuals with no such family history
how drinking is in socioeconomic groups?
-household over 75,000 had the highest drinking prevalence (20%), but those with household incomes below 25,000 had the highest frequency (5 episodes per month) and intensity (8.5 drinks on occasion)
how cardiovascular system is affected negatively by alcohol?
-however, consumption of alcohol is not a preventive measure against heart diseases because it causes many more cardiovascular health hazards than benefits -drinking too much alcohol contributes to high blood pressure and higher calorie intake, both of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease
what are withdrawal symptoms of alcoholism (withdrawal signs)
-hyperexcitability -confusion -agitation -sleep disorders -convulsions -tremors -depression -headaches -seizures
what happens if irritation continues due to high amounts of alcohol?
-if the irritation continues, it can cause vomiting
In some states, refusal to breath or urine test results by drivers results in_
-immediate revocation of the person's driver's license
factors contributing to low figure of alcoholics being treated in a special facility
-inability or unwillingness to admit to an alcohol problem -social stigma attached to alcoholism -potential loss of income -inability to pay for treatment -breakdowns in referral and delivery systems -failure of the medical establishment to recognize and diagnose alcoholic symptoms among patients
what are risks behavior that leads to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?
-infants whose mothers habitually consumed more than 3 ounces of alcohol (approx. 6 drinks) in a short time period when pregnant are at high risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
alcohol use plays a significant role in the types of _(as short-term effect)people experience. (include age group)
-injuries -youth ages 15 to 20 are hospitalized annually after drinking alcohol and some of these emergency room visits are by undergraduate college students
As short-term effect, alcohol _(3) if consumed on an empty stomach
-irritates gastrointestinal system -may cause indigestion and heartbun
naltrexone is used to _
-is used to reduce the craving for alcohol and decrease the pleasant reinforcing effects of alcohol without making the user ill
"Fizzy" alcoholic beverages (champagne and carbonate wines) are absorbed more_than those containing no sparkling additives. why? (body-level)
-more rapidly -carbonated beverages and drinks served with mixers cause the pyloric valve to relax, thereby emptying the stomach's contents more rapidly into the small intestine -because the small intestine is the site of the greatest absorption of alcohol, carbonated beverages increase the rate of absorption
what many college students do to celebrate 21 birthday?
-more than 80% of college students drink alcohol to celebrate their 21 birthday, and they consume an average of nearly 13 drinks, with an estimated BACs of 19% and higher
treating an addiction requires more than_; it also requires _
-more than getting the addict stop using a substance -it also requires getting the person to break a pattern of behavior that has dominated his or her life
what are some problems that drinkers experience? (2)
-most problem drinkers who seek help have experienced a turning point such as a spouse walking out or a boss issuing an ultimatum to dry out or lose the job
explain the short-term heath effect of alcohol consumption:stomach
-nausea -irritation and inflammation
Alcohol-related fatal car crashes occur at what times of the day? hours?
-often at night than during the day -the hours between 9:00 PM and 6:00 AM are the most dangerous
when hangover is often experienced?
-often experienced the morning after a drinking spree
Describe alcohol consumption among African Americans (how drink compared to whites, die of what?, what other health problems)
-on average, African Americans drink less than white Americans; however, those who do drink then to be heavy drinkers -twice as many African Americans die of cirrhosis of the liver -alcohol contributes to high rates of hypertension, esophageal cancer, and homicide
some children may have fewer than the full physical and behavioral symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and may be diagnosed with disorders such as_(2). all of these disorders (including FAS) fall under the umbrella term _
-partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS) -alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND) -umbrella term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
Children that live with alcoholic parent(s), they are at increased risk for a range of problems, including: (5)
-physical illness -emotional disturbances -behavioral problems -lower education performance -susceptibility to alcoholism or other addictions later in life
distillation
-process in which alcohol vapors are condensed and mixed with water to make hard liquor (higher concentration in alcohol)
fermentation (organism, why do it, yield what)
-process in which yeast organisms break down plant sugars to yield ethanol and carbon dioxide
The alcoholic who is ready for help has several avenues of treatment, list them (5)
-psychologists and psychiatrists specializing in the treatment of alcoholism -private treatment centers -hospitals specifically designed to treat alcoholics -community mental health facilities -support groups
how alcohol problems contribute to workplace costs?
-rates of alcohol problems vary greatly from industry to industry, but it is estimated that alcohol problems contribute to 500 billion lost workdays in the US annually
what is difficult regarding alcoholism? (hint: think about characteristic of addiction and how to treat it)
-recognizing and admitting the existence of an alcohol problem is often extremely difficult -alcoholics deny their problems (ex: I can stop any time I want to.I just do not want to right now)
what are potential health benefits of alcohol?
-reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis
numerous studies have associated light to moderate alcohol consumption (no more than 2 drinks a day) with a reduced risk of _(benefits of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular system). why this happens?
-reduced risk of coronary artery disease -because of increase in high-density lipoprotein (HLD) cholesterol, which is known as "good" cholesterol -alcohol's effects on blood clotting, insulin sensitive, and inflammation are also thought to play a role in protecting against heart disease
how many alcoholics refer to themselves throughout their lifetime?
-refer to themselves as "recovering" throughout their lifetime rather than "cured"
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.05%
-relaxation increases, there is some motor impairment, and a willingness to talk becomes apparent
fatty liver (results due to what, what it is, and why happens)
-result of heavy drinking, in which the liver begins to store fat -if there is insufficient time between drinking episodes, this fat cannot be transported to storage sites, and the fat-filled liver cells stop functioning
in cirrhosis, healthy liver cells are replaced with _
-scar tissue (fibrosis) that interferes with the liver's ability to perform its many vital functions
Preventive podcasts and e-mails have become more common on campus. give an example
-sending electronic 21 birthday cards about negative consequences of excess drinking on that milestone birthday has actually shown to reduce the number of drinks taken and consequently resulted in lower BACs in women celebrating that day
what the National Minimum Drinking Age Act did?
-set the legal age at 21 for the entire country
about 1 in 5 college students report engaging in _(sexual)
-sexual activity, including having sex with someone they just met and having unprotected sex, after drinking
some students report _and _related to alcohol. ex
-sleep disruptions and academic problems -the more students drink, the more likely they are to miss class, do poorly on tests and papers, have lower grade point averages, and fall behind on assigned work. some students even drop out of school as a result of drinking
explain the short-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: nervous system
-slowed reaction time, slurred speech -impaired judgment and motor coordination -high BACs can lead to coma and death
use of alcohol in normal life
-social gatherings -religious ceremonies -the consumption of alcoholic beverages is part of many traditions, and moderate use of alcohol can enhance celebrations or special times
example on how social and cultural factor may lead a person to drink alcohol, what make them alcoholic?
-some people begin drinking as a way to dull the pain of an acute loss or an emotional or social problem -unfortunately, they become even sadder as the depressant effect of alcohol begins to take its toll, even antagonizing friends and other social supports -Eventually, the drinker becomes physically dependent on the drug
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.01-0.04%
-sometimes impaired -slight muscle relaxation, mild euphoria, slight body warmth, increased sociability and talkativeness
An estimated 40,000 infants in the US are affected by FASD each year, more than those affected by_(3)
-spina bifida, down syndrome, and muscular dystrophy combined
delirium tremens (DTs)
-state of confusion, delusion, and agitation brought on by withdrawal from alcohol -characterized by confusion, delusions, agitated behavior, and hallucinations
for children in alcoholic homes, life is _. explain
-struggle -they have to deal with constant stress, anxiety, and embarrassment -child's needs are ignored because the alcoholic is the center of attention -it is not uncommon for these children to be victims of violence, abuse, neglect, or incest
alcohol use is involved in up to half of fatal injuries during activities such as_and in 40% of fatal injuries due to _
-swimming and boating -house fires
learned behavior tolerance
-the ability of heavy drinkers to modify behavior so they appear to be sober even when they have high BAC levels -thought BAC may be quite high, the individual has learned to modify his or her behavior to appear sober
the amount of alcohol a person consumes seems to be directly related to the _. explain (examples of 2 extremes; social factors)
-the amount of alcohol a person consumes seems to be directly related to the drinking habits of that individual's social group ex: those whose friends and relatives drank heavily were 50% more likely to drink heavily themselves. The opposite is also true, that people who were friends with abstinent individuals or had family members who were abstinent were less likely to drink themselves
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.10%
-the depressant effects of alcohol become apparent, drowsiness sets in, and motor skills are further impaired, following by a loss of judgment -thus, a driver may not be able to estimate distance or speed, and some drinker may do things they would not do when sober
for those alcoholics that know they have a problem, what prevents them from seeking help?
-the fear of being labeled a "problem drinker" often prevents people from seeking help -they may wish to seek professional help to determine whether alcohol has become a controlling factor in their lives ex: 5% college students sought treatment and 3% thought they should seek help, but did not
cirrhosis (what stage, associated with what practice, what happens)
-the last stage of liver disease associated with chronic heavy alcohol use, during which liver cells die and damage becomes permanent
what are the laws regarding sexual consent? (regarding alcohol consumption)
-the laws regarding sexual consent are clear: A person who is drunk or passes out cannot consent to sex -anyone who has sex with a person who is drunk or unconscious is committing rape -claiming you were also drunk when you had sex with someone who was intoxicated or unconscious does not absolve you of your legal and moral responsibility for this crime
To avoid any chance of harming her fetus, any women of childbearing age who is or may become pregnant is advised_
-to refrain from consuming any amount of alcohol
a very small portion of alcohol is excreted _by _(3)
-unchanged -kidneys, lungs, and skin
what metabolized alcohol does while is not yet broken down by body?
-unmetabolized alcohol circulates in the bloodstream until enough time passes for the body to break it down
upon admission to a private treatment facility, what is checked about the patient? then what are the next steps of treatment?
-upon admission to a private treatment facility, the patient receives a complete physical exam to determine whether underlying medical problems will interfere with treatment -Shortly after detoxification, alcoholics begin their treatment for psychological addiction
How a person feels at a BAC of 0.05-0.07%
-usually impaired -lowered alertness, impaired judgment, lowered inhibitions, exaggerated behavior, loss of small muscle control
when alcohol can be good for health? give specific kind of alcohol example
-very low levels of alcohol consumption, particularly red wine, may actually lower some health risks in older adults
what to do when someone passed out from drinking?
-watch the person very closely -roll an unconscious drinker onto his or her side with knees bent to minimize the chance of vomit obstructing the airway -if the drinker vomits, you may need to reach into his or her mouth and clear the airway
explain the long-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: heart
-weakened heart muscle -elevated blood pressure
_for first-year students, particularly those who are incoming, has become an increasingly important intervention used by universities to reduce both_
-web-based education for first-year students -hazardous drinking and alcohol-related problems
A drinker's BAC depends on _(factors)
-weight and percentage of body fat -water content in body tissues -concentration of alcohol in the beverage consumed -the rate of consumption -the volume of alcohol consumed
what are possible negative results of taking alcohol and prescription drugs?
-when alcohol and prescription drugs are taken together, severe medical problems can result, including alcohol poisoning, unconsciousness, respiratory depression, and death
percentages of alcohol in wines vs beers?
-wines: between 12% and 15% alcohol -beers: between 2% and 8% depending on state laws and the type of beer
explain the short-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: sexual response (women vs men)
-women: decreased vaginal lubrication -men: erectile dysfunction
what consumption levels are found in America?
Medium *for more countries see page 345*
when it comes to hospitalizations, 34% are the result of _
acute intoxication (alcohol poisoning)
_is the most popular drug in college campuses
alcohol
why blood alcohol can continue rising even after a drinker becomes unconscious?
alcohol in the stomach and intestines continues to empty into the bloodstream
drinking games have been associated with _ (negative outcomes)
alcohol-related injuries and deaths form alcohol poisoning
example of support group focused on alcoholics?
alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
is it possible to keep an addiction always secret?
always someone knows, but may not be able to recognize the signs
the actual size of a standard drink depends on _
proof
what relapse is about for an alcoholic?
resume drinking
what race is most likely to drink?
white drinkers are more likely to drink daily or nearly daily than are nonwhites
what drinks are absorbed more slowly?
wine and beer are absorbed more slowly than distilled beverages
injured patients with a BAC of 0.08% who were treated in emergency rooms had what type of injuries?
injured patients with a BAC of 0.08% who were treated in emergency rooms were 3.2 times more likely to have a violent intentional injury than an unintentional injury
an estimated _of Americans consume alcoholic beverages regularly, and about _% abstain from drinking alcohol altogether
-half -21%
the legal limit for driving a motor vehicle is % BAC in all states and the District of Columbia
-0.08%
alcohol-impaired drivers are involved in about _crash deaths, resulting in nearly _deaths a year. This number represents roughly one traffic fatality every _ minutes
-1 in 3 deaths -11,000 -48 minutes
standard drink for beer and vodka
-12-ounce can of beer -1.5 ounce shot of vodka both are considered one standard drink because they contain the same amount of alcohol
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) established the concept of _and its guiding principles are now used by _
-12-step program for recovery from addiction, and its guiding principles are now used by other recovery organizations
what percentage of US people are problem drinkers? gender?
-15% are problem drinkers -about 5 to 10% are male drinkers and 3 to 5% of females would be diagnosed as alcohol dependent
alcohol consumed during the first trimester poses greatest threat to _; exposure during the last trimester,_
-1st trimester: greatest threat to organ development -3rd trimester: when the brain is developing rapidly, is most likely to affect CNS development
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the _most common birth defect and the _leading cause of mental retardation in the US. It is the most common preventable cause of mental impairment in _world
-3rd -2nd -western world
a recent study estimated that underage drinking costs society _annually. largest costs were related to _
-62 billion -violence and drunk-driving accidents, followed by high-risk sex, property crime, and addiction treatment programs -every underage drinker costs society an average of $2,070 a year
how Acamprosate helps alcoholics? what kind of people?
-Acamprosate helps people who have consumed large amounts of alcohol avoid drinking -Acamprosate helps stabilize the resulting chemical imbalance in the brain -it also helps reduce the physical and emotional distress associated with the attempt to stay alcohol free
How alcohol consumption among Americans have changed since late 1970s and why? how alcohol industry has responded?
-Alcohol consumption among Americans has declined steadily since the late 1970s -This downward trend has been tied to a strong focus on personal health, weight management, and physical activity -the alcohol industry has responded by introducing beers and wines with fewer calories and carbohydrates and, in some cases, reduced alcohol content
describe alcohol consumption among Latino populations (gender differences, reasons for alcohol problems)
-Among Latino populations, men have a higher than average rate of alcohol abuse and alcohol-related health problems -In contrast, many Latino cultures tend to discourage any drinking by women, therefore many Latinas abstain -Many researchers agree that a major factor for alcohol problems in this ethnic group is the key role that drinking plays in Latino culture
Acamprosate should used in conjunction with_
-As with other pharmacological treatments, acamprosate should be used in conjuction with psychotherapy and support groups
describe alcohol consumption by Asian Americans (rate of alcohol consumption, how compared to other ethnic groups, factors, special genetic predisposition)
-Asian Americans have a very low rate of alcoholism -when compared to other racial or ethnic groups, Asians have the lowest rates of alcohol-related injuries -social and cultural influences, such as as strong kinship ties, are thought to discourage heavy drinking in Asian American groups -Asians have a genetic predisposition that might influence their low risk for alcohol abuse: many possess a variant of the gene that codes for the enzyme aldehydr dehydrogenase, which plays a key role in the metabolism of alcohol. People with this variant gene experience unpleasant side effects from consuming alcohol, making drinking a less pleasurable experience. Because of this gene, Asian populations tend to consume less alcohol and have lower rates of alcoholism than do other ethnic groups
congeners are thought to play a role in the development of a _. why?
-hangover the body metabolizes the congeners after the ethanol is gone from the system, and their toxic by-products may contribute to hangover
when death results from alcohol consumption? (relate to BAC leves)
-The amount of alcohol that causes a person to close consciousness is dangerously close to the lethal dose. -death from alcohol poisoning can be caused by CNS and respiratory depression or by inhalation of vomit or fluid into the lungs -alcohol depresses the nerves that control involuntary actions such as breathing and the gag reflex (which prevents chocking) -As BAC levels reach higher concentrations, eventually these functions can be completely suppressed -if a drinker becomes unconscious and vomits, there is a danger of asphyxiation through chocking to death on the vomit
explain the alcohol absorption factor: amount of alcohol you consume. why?
-The more alcohol you consume, the longer absorption takes -alcohol can irritate the digestive system, which causes pylorospasm -when the pyloric valve is closed, nothing can move from teh stomach to the upper third of the small intestine, which slows absorption
besides Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), what are the names of 2 other support groups?
-Women for Sobriety -Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS)
what mickael jackson suffered from?
-a hidden addiction -he had a very strong addiction to drugs that it required medical supervision, usually only used during surgery by anesthesiologists
how alcohol is absorbed by our body? (focus on specific parts of digestive system)
-a negligible amount of alcohol is absorbed through the lining of the mouth -approx 20% of ingested alcohol diffuses through the stomach lining into the bloodstream -nearly 80% passes through the lining of the upper third of the small intestine
binge drinking (what it is, BAC level, how many drinks for each gender and in what time)
-a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gram-percent or above; corresponds to consuming 5 or more drinks (adult male) or four or more drinks (adult female) in 2 hours
intervention (definition in alcoholism terms)
-a planned confrontation with an alcoholic led by a professional counselor in which family members and/or friends try to get the alcoholic to face the reality of his or her problem and to seep help
the chance of _(infections and unplanned)increases among students who drink more heavily compared with those who drink moderately or not at all
-acquiring sexual transmitted infection or experiencing an unplanned pregnancy
if you drink alcohol, what are chances you become a drug addict? what kind of drug addict? what are at greatest risk?
-alcohol and prescription drug abuse -people with alcohol disorders are 18 times more likely to report nonmedical use of prescription drugs than those who do not drink at all -Young adults aged 18 to 24 are at the highest risk for concurrent or simultaneous abuse of alcohol and drugs -in study of college students, 12% had used both alcohol and prescription drugs nonmedically but at different times, 7% had taken them simultaneously
factors that influence how quickly your body will absorb alcohol (8)
-alcohol concentration in your drink -amount of alcohol you consume -amount of food in your stomach -pylorospasm (spasm of the pyloric valve in the digestive system) -your metabolism, weight, and body mass index -your mood -gender
what is the caloric intake of alcohol? How body uses this calories? (2)
-alcohol contains 7 calories (kcal) per gram ex: beer has 150 calories -the body uses the calories in alcohol in the same manner it uses those found in carbohydrates: for immediate energy or for storage as fat if not immediately needed
Although everyone is at risk for alcohol-related problems, college students are particularly vulnerable for the following reasons:
-alcohol exacerbates their already high risk for suicide, automobile crashes, and falls -some university celebrations encourage certain dangerous practices and patterns of alcohol use -the alcoholic beverage industry heavily targets university campuses with promotion and ads -college students have a strong need to be accepted by their peers and believe that alcohol will make them feel better and less stressed, more sociable, and less self-conscious -college administrators often deny that alcohol problems exist on their campuses
how alcohol impairs immunity? (long-term effect)
-alcohol impairs the body's ability to recognize and fight foreign bodies, such as bacteria and viruses
describe alcohol consumption among Native Americans (what is the most widely used drug, rate of alcoholism, death rate related to alcohol reasons, how alcohol-related problems are compared to other racial groups, reasons for this (2))
-alcohol is the most widely used drug -the rate of alcoholism in this population is 2 to 3 times higher than the national average, and the death rate from alcohol-related causes is 8 times higher than national average -when comparing to other racial or ethnic groups, Native Americans have the highest alcohol related motor vehicle crash and pedestrian fatalities, suicide, and falls -Poor economic conditions and cultural belief that alcoholism is a spiritual problem, not a physical problem, may partially account for high rates of alcoholism in this group
unlike the molecules found in most foods and drugs, how are alcohol molecules?
-alcohol molecules are sufficiently small and fat soluble to be absorbed throughout the entire gastrointestinal system
alcohol percentage is _of the given proof
-alcohol percentage is half of the given proof OR the proof is double the percentage of alcohol in drink ex: 80 proof whiskey or scotch is 40% alcohol by volume, and 100 proof vodka is 50% alcohol by volume
explain the alcohol absorption factor: the amount of food in your stomach. explain why (2)
-alcohol takes longer to absorb if there is food in your stomach, because the surface area exposed to alcohol is smaller, and because a full stomach retard emptying of alcoholic beverages into the small intestine
_(how used alcohol) is responsible for more toxic overdose deaths than any other substance
-alcohol, used either alone or in combination with other drugs
pre-gaming (other 2 names, what it is)
-also called pre-loading or front-loading -drinking heavily at home before going out to an event or other location (like bar, nightclub, or sporting event or prior attending an event where alcohol is not available)
symptoms of hangover (signs)
-headache -muscle aches -upset stomach -anxiety -depression -diarrhea -thirst
explain social norms campaigns (what it is about, what many students think and what this lead them to do, how this campaigns have helped)
-colleges and universities are also trying a "social norms" approach to reducing alcohol consumption, sending a consistent message to students about actual drinking behavior on campus -Many students perceive that their peers drink more than they actually do, which may cause students to feel pressured to drink more themselves. This misconception includes inaccurately estimating the frequency and amount that students drink and the actual consequences of students' drinking -As a result of these social norms campaigns, heavy episodic alcohol consumption (binge drinking) has declined at campuses across the country
signs of acute alcohol intoxication (alcohol poisoning)
-confusion, stupor, or the person cannot be roused -vomiting and/or seizures -slow breathing (fewer than 8 breaths per minute) -rapid or irregular pulse (100 beats or more per minute) or irregular breathing (10 seconds or more between breaths) -cool, clammy, skin; pale or bluish skin color; bluish lips or fingernails
fibrosis
-continued drinking can cause a further stage of liver deterioration called fibrosis, in which the damaged area of the liver develops fibrous scar tissue
what is the problem with treatment at private facilities?
-costs several thousand dollars, but some insurance programs or employers will assume most of this expense
codependents try to _. give examples
-cover up for the addicted person ex: tell professor alcoholic is sick and cannot take exam, make excuses for the drinker's behavior, or lie to over him or her
highest consumption of alcohol worldwide is found in_world. give examples
-developed world -ex: Northern hemisphere, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand
how adolescent's brains are much more prone to damage by alcohol?
-developing brains in adolescents are much more prone to damage than was previously though -Alcohol appears to damage the frontal areas of the adolescent brain, which are crucial for controlling impulses and thinking through consequences of intended actions
what are negative consequences that students experience as a result of their alcohol consumption? (alcohol related problems)
-did something they later regretted (35%) -forgot where they were or what they did (1/3) -had unprotected sex (16.5%) -physically injured self (15%) -got in trouble with the police -physically injured another person
Despite evidence of heredity's role in alcoholism, scientists _(cause of this evidence)
-do not yet understand the precise role of genes and increased risk for alcoholism, nor have ID a specific "alcoholism" gene -there is nothing determining about the genetic basis for addiction -researchers have not yet ID a specific gene that puts people at risk for developing an addiction
In dysfunctional families, children learn certain rules from an early age: (3) what these unspoken rules allow? how bad for alcoholic?
-don't talk -don't trust -don't feel -these unspoken rules allow the family to avoid dealing with real problems and issues as family members adapt to the alcoholic's behaviors by adjusting their own behavior . -these behaviors enable the alcoholic to keep drinking
binge drinking is especially dangerous because it often involves drinking_(how drinking)
-drinking a lot in a very short period of time
what are potential signs of alcohol dependency
-drinking alone or in secret -using alcohol to cope with stress and emotional problems
what drinking for a long period of time can do to your body? (think about from the perspective that is hard to quit drinking)
-drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time changes the way the brain works
what contributes to higher rates of binge drinking?
-easy access to alcohol also contributes to higher rates of binge drinking ex: campus communities with large number of bars and alcohol outlets have a higher rate of binge drinking than those with few bars and alcohol outlets located close campus
Tips for drinking responsibily
-eat before and while you drink -stay with the same group of friends for the entire time out -Do not drink before the party, or at all if you feel down or upset -have no more than one alcoholic drink per hour -alternate between alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks -set limits on how much to have before you start drinking -avoid drinking games -do not drink and drive -avoid parties where you can expect heavy drinking
ethyl alcohol (other name and definition, include how is produced)
-ethanol -addictive drug produced by fermentation that is the intoxicating substance in alcoholic beverages
Different _groups have their own patterns of alcohol consumption and abuse. what factors may account for these differences?
-ethnic and racial minority groups -social or cultural factors, such as drinking norms and attitudes and genetic factors, may account for those differences
damaging effects of alcohol consumption are caused by_
-ethyl alcohol or ethanol
what symptoms are caused due to alcohol upsets the water balance? (related to hangover)
-excess urination, dehydration, thirst the next day
what are the legal consequences if you are caught drinking and driving? (what if underaged, other penalties (4) how many DUI make you a felon, what means to be a felon, if involved in accident related to alcohol and a person dies, what happens)
-getting behind the wheel after drinking alcohol is a dangerous choice, with serious legal consequences -underaged drinkers with any detectable alcohol in their bloodstream can have licenses revoked -other penalties for driving under the influence (DUI) include driving restrictions, fines, mandatory counseling, and jail time -In many states 3 DUI convictions make you a felon, meaning that you lose your right to vote and own a weapon, among other rights, and may also be permanently banned from driving -If you are involved in an accident in which someone is injured, the consequences are even more serious. If a person dies as a result of the accident, the drunk driver may be charged with manslaughter or second degree murder
how family attitudes toward alcohol seem to influence whether a person will develop a drinking problem? (social and cultural factor, compare 2 types of societies regarding alcohol)
-it has been clearly demonstrated that people who are raised in cultures in which drinking is a part of religious or ceremonial activities or in which alcohol is a traditional part of the family meal are less prone to alcohol dependence -in contrast, in societies in which alcohol purchase is carefully controlled and drinking is regarded as a rite of passage to adulthood, the tendency to abuse appears to be greater
what is the Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS) approach?
-it is a self-empowerment approach to recovery and maintains that sobriety is a separate issue from all else -like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), SOS hold confidential meetings, celebrates sobriety anniversaries, and views recovery as a one-day-at-a-time process
How much do college students really drink? (percentage of people who drink occasionally vs never, how college students drink when they drink)
-it may sometimes seem like your campus is crowded with heavy drinkers, but in fact, most college students (about 65%) drink only occasionally, and 21.3% do not drink at all. -However, college students have high rates of binge drinking; when they do drink, they tend to drink a lot.
if a women ingests alcohol while pregnant, it will_(where go)
-it will pass through the placenta and enter the growing fetus's bloodstream (in utero)
During the initial recovery period, it can help to _(things that the alcoholic can do) (4)
-join a support group -maintain stability (resisting the urge to relocate, travel, take a new job, or make other drastic life changes) -set aside time each day for reflection -maintain a pattern of assuming responsibility for one's own actions
the following questions can help gauge whether you or a friend or relative could have an alcohol problem. The more questions you answer with "yes," the more likely it is that there is a problem. Does the person you are concerned about:
-lost time from classes, studying, or work because of drinking? -feel embarrassed about their behavior after sobering up? -drink to get drunk? -do dangerous things or get injured while drunk? -Drink to cope with problems or stress?
explain the long-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: immune system
-lowered disease resistance
as a short-term effect, because alcohol lowers inhibitions, alcohol has a clear influence on one's ability to _(2), and you may do things you might_
-make good decisions about sex -you may do things you might not do when sober
what manufacturers do after fermentation? (to make alcohol beverages)
-manufacturers then add other ingredients that dilute the alcohol content of the beverage
what is the positive regarding college students drinking alcohol? give examples
-many college students reported always or usually practicing protective behaviors when consuming alcohol to reduce the risk of negative consequences as a result of their alcohol use ex: eating before or during drinking, stay within the same group of friends the entire time they drank, use designated driver most or all time, kept track of how many drinks they consumed
why do people feel the effects of alcohol differently? (explain how eating and alcohol consumption relate, other factors)
-many factors influence how rapidly a person's body absorbs alcohol and this how quickly that person feels the effects of the alcohol ex: eating while drinking slows the absorption of alcohol into your bloodstream. other relevant factors include gender, body weight, body composition, and mood
why college students are more vulnerable to binge drinking?
-many students are away from home, often for the first time, and are excited by their newfound independence -for some students, this independence and the rite of passage into the college culture are symbolized by alcohol use
why many students drink?
-many students say they drink to have fun -"having fun," which often means drinking simply to get drunk, may really be a way of coping with stress, boredom, anxiety, or pressure created by academic and social demands
proof (of an alcoholic drink)
-measure of the percentage of alcohol in a beverage and therefore the strength of the drink -the proof is double the percentage of alcohol in the drink
explain the long-term heath effect of alcohol consumption: brain
-memory impairment -damaged/ destroyed brain cells
most people admitted to emergency rooms are _(sex and age), mostly as the result of _
-men 21 years or older -accidents or fights in which alcohol was involved
_(what gender) participate in drinking games to consume larger amounts of alcohol
-men more often than women
which gender is most likely to drink and drive?
-men were responsible for 81% of the drinking and driving episodes
what are the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? (signs)
-mental retardation -small head size -tremors -abnormalities in face, limbs, heart, and brain -characteristic facial features of FAS include a small, upturned nose, with a low bridge and a thin upper limb
what is a dangerous mix? what group drink more?
-mixing alcohol and energy drinks -college students (18 to 24 years old) *more info in page 331*
explain the alcohol absorption factor: mood
-mood is another factor, because emotions affect how long it takes for the stomach's contents to empty into the intestine -Powerful moods, such as stress and tension, are likely to cause the stomach to dump its contents into the small intestine more rapidly. This is why alcohol is absorbed much faster when people are tense than it is when they re relaxed
what sex is a regular drinker? (drinks more alcohol)
-more men are regular drinkers, and men typically drink more than women
recovery from hangover usually takes _hours
12 hours
_of college students engage in drinking games that involve binge drinking. Those who participate in drinking games are much less likely to _and are at extreme risk for intoxication
2/3 -less likely to monitor or regulate how much they are drinking
Alcoholism is directly or indirectly responsible for more than _% of the nation's medical expenses and lost earnings
25%
_(#in#) Americans will be involved in an alcohol-related accident at some time in their lives
3 in 10
alcohol is the world's _largest risk factor for disease burden
3rd
Smoking cigars daily without inhaling a) does or b) doesn't increase the risk of heart disease.
The answer is A - does increase the risk of heart disease.
A drinker's BAC depends on a) gender or b) mood?
The answer is A - gender.
A major risk of chewing tobacco is a) leukoplakia or b) leukemia.
The answer is A - leukoplakia.
The lifetime risk of alcoholism in the United States is about 10% for a) men or b) women.
The answer is A - men.
Do students consistently report that their friends drink a) more or b) less than they actually do?
The answer is A - more.
Do a) one-half or b) one-quarter of all Americans drink caffeine each day?
The answer is A - one-half.
Of all environmental pollutants, the one which causes more deaths each year is a) sulfur dioxide or b) secondhand smoke?
The answer is B - secondhand smoke.
The component in tobacco which contributes to the development of lung cancer is a) hydrogen cyanide or b) tars.
The answer is B - tars, which contain carcinogens.
The fastest growing population of alcohol abusers are a) adolescents or b) women?
The answer is B - women.
More US college students who smoke tobacco a) smoke less than a cigarette a day or b) smoke a pack or more per day.
The answer is a. 32% of college smokers smoke less than a cigarette a day and 13%, on the other hand, smoke a pack or more a day
Alcohol abuse is defined when a) its use interferes with work , social or family/social relationships or b) when stopping its use causes withdrawal.
The answer is a. Abuse implies impairment. Dependency, or alcoholism, is defined in part by the withdrawal which results from stopping drinking.
The most dangerous of the gases in cigarettes is a) ammonia or b) carbon monoxide.
The answer is b - carbon monoxide, which replaces oxygen in the blood stream.
The condition which is less serious to a baby born to a woman who drank during her pregnancy is a) fetal alcohol syndrome or b) fetal alcohol effects.
The answer is b - fetal alcohol effects, which is characterized by low birth weight and possible mental impairment.
If a man and a woman drink the same amount of alcohol over the same period of time the man's BAC level will be a) higher or b) lower than the woman's.
The answer is b - lower. Women absorb more alcohol than men do in the same period of time.
The percentage of college students nation wide who have had a binge drinking episode over the past two weeks is a) nearly 25% or b) nearly 50%.
The answer is b - nearly 50%. Binge drinking is defined as 5 drinks at one time for a male and 4 for a female.
Is it a) true or b) false that one night of heavy drinking can impair a person's ability to think abstractly for as long as a month?
The answer is true. Possibly this explains why alcohol is a factor in nearly 4 out of every 10 academic failures among college students.
ethanol or ethyl alcohol is produced during a process called _
fermentation
a disorder called_is associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
lower-proof drinks will produce _alcohol effects than the same amount of higher-proof drinks
fewer
the point at which an alcoholic seeks help occurs when _
the person recognizes that alcohol controls his or her life
why energy drinks are successful?
the success of these products is based on claims that they provide a burst of energy from caffeine and other plant-based stimulants and vitamins
what is one of the greatest benefits to the alcoholic regarding support groups?
the support gained from talking with others who have similar problems is one of the greatest benefits derived from self-help/support groups
_are the leading cause of accidental death for all age groups from 5 to 65 years old
traffic accidents
