Ch. 12 & 13
Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor nerve was damaged?
have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly
Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?
right hypoglossal
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the:
sacral plexus
When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve.
sciatic
If an animal has had its cerebrum removed, it cannot:
see
The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?
sensory and motor neurons
Cranial nerve function includes:
somatic motor
Which of the following is not a lobe of the cerebrum?
sphenoidal
Association fibers connect:
areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.
What type of white fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere?
association fibers
When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the ____ nerve.
axillary
The substantia nigra interconnects with the:
basal nuclei
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the:
cortex
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the:
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.
The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a:
dermatome
The pyramids of the medulla contain:
descending motor tracts.
Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in:
difficulty breathing.
The branch of a spinal nerve that innervates deep muscles on the dorsal thorax is the:
dorsal ramus
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as:
dorsal root
Which of the following is mismatched?
dorsal tier of nuclei - taste impulses
The thickest of the meninges is the:
dura mater
From which germ layer does the nervous system form?
ectoderm
Muscles and glands that are capable of producing a response when stimulated by motor neurons are called:
effectors
There are ________ cervical spinal nerves.
eight
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
epidural space
The habenular nuclei and pineal body are both found in the:
epithalamus
If a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one leg, the crossed extensor reflex causes:
extension of the opposite leg.
The superior colliculi receive input from the:
eyes, skin, cerebrum and inferior colliculi.
A baseball player was hit on the left side of his skull in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve was damaged?
facial
Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right _____ nerve.
facial
When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting?
facial
Which of the following cranial nerves has a parasympathetic component?
facial
Facial expression is regulated by the:
facial nerve
Motor control of the face is the function of the ____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve.
facial, trigeminal
Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to:
fall
During brain surgery, the superior portion of the postcentral gyrus of a patient is stimulated. The patient is most likely to:
feel pressure on his toes.
Which of the following feelings is NOT related to hypothalamic function?
feeling rested after flying to England
If a person fell down the steps and then developed pain down his anterior thigh into the knee, which of the following spinal nerves was probably damaged?
femoral
What structure anchors the thecal sac and conus medullaris to the coccyx?
filum terminale
The portion of the cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movements is the:
flocculonodular lobe.
Ridges of the cerebellar cortex are called:
folia
The spinal cord begins at the:
foramen magnum
The central sulcus separates the:
frontal and parietal lobes.
Stimulation of the Golgi tendon organs result in which of the following changes in the reflex arc?
stimulation of an inhibitory neuron and decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons
Structurally, the simplest reflex is the:
stretch reflex
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the:
subarachnoid space
During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?
subarachnoid space
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?
subarachnoid space
A bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexively duck and close your eyes. Which of the following is responsible for this action?
superior colliculi
When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively:
turn their head toward the right.
There are _____ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave.
two
When a person hits their "funny bone," they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve.
ulnar
What is the role of the red nuclei?
unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities
Damage to branches of the _____ nerve can interfere with normal speech.
vagus
Damage to which of the following cranial nerves might result in death?
vagus nerve
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
vagus nerve
Intercostal nerves are formed from the:
ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves.
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the:
ventral root
The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod off. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off? (1) muscles of the back are stretched (2) the muscle spindle is stretched (3) action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase (4) action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase (5) skeletal muscle of the back contract:
1,2,3,4,5
Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward. (1) spinal cord, (2) midbrain, (3) medulla, (4) pons:
2,4,3,1
The spinal cord ends at the:
2nd lumbar vertebrae
Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor. (1) motor neuron (2) interneuron (3) effector (4) sensory neuron (5) sensory receptor:
5,4,2,1,3
Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs?
8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
Which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?
Both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
Which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true?
Damage to the brainstem is usually fatal.
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the:
Golgi tendon reflex
Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation?
a clock radio coming on in the morning
Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?
It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.
What is found the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord?
The cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
What is found in the dorsal root ganglion?
The cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons
Which of the following is false?
The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons
Damage to pontine nuclei might affect:
respiration
Which of the following is false?
The thalamus controls many endocrine functions.
Which of the following statements concerning the structure of spinal nerves is true?
The ventral root contains motor or efferent fibers.
Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause:
a slight shaking of the hands or head.
Which of the following cranial nerves does not innervate the tongue?
accessory
Dysfunction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle could result from damage to the....
acessory nerve
The oculomotor nerve:
adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting.
Injury to the thalamus would:
affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex.
Stretch reflexes:
aid in maintaining proper posture
What structures are formed from neural crest cells? (sensory, autonomic, and enteric neurons, pigmented body cells, adrenal medulla, facial bones):
all of the choices form from crest cells
Reflexes function in (removing the body from painful stimuli. keeping the body from falling. maintaining blood pressure. maintaining blood CO2 levels.)
all of these choices are correct
The accessory nerve: has fibers that join the vagus nerve., has both a cranial and a spinal component., provides innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles., is cranial nerve XI........
all of these choices are correct
Afferent fibers terminating in the hypothalamus provide input from the; visceral organs., taste receptors of the tongue., limbic system. , the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum.:
all of theses are correct
In the Golgi tendon reflex,: .
alpha motor neurons are inhibited causing muscle relaxation
Which of the following events in a stretch reflex occurs last?
alpha motor neurons transmit action potentials to muscle causing contraction
The pineal body:
appears to play a role in controlling the onset of puberty.
The middle, thin, spider-like meninx is the:
arachnoid mater
The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the:
arbor vitae
Reflex arcs:
are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.
Reflexes:
are homeostatic
Muscle spindles:
are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
The mammillary bodies:
are involved in emotional responses to odors.
The abducens nerves:
are involved in eye movement.
The inferior colliculi:
are involved with auditory pathways in the CNS.
What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain?
blood-brain barrier
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.
brachial
The perineurium:
bundles axons into fascicles.
The epineurium:
bundles fascicles into nerves.
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they:
can be used to help locate nerve damage.
Which of the following basal nuclei is located in the cerebrum?
caudate nucleus
The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the:
cerebellar peduncles.
The internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery join on the base of the brain to form the:
cerebral arterial circle.
Nerve fibers in the phrenic nerves that innervated the diaphragm arise primarily from which plexus?
cervical
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ____ and is reabsorbed by the ____.
choroid plexus, arachnoid granulation
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into:
columns and the gray matter into horns
Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of:
commissural fibers.
Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
commissures
The cerebral medulla:
consists of many nerve tracts of white matter beneath the cerebral cortex.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
control the heart rate
Which of the following activities is NOT associated with the cerebrum?
controlling the autonomic nervous system
A 13-year-old child exhibited retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. What part of the child's brain is most likely involved?
hypothalamus
An individual who has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures may have a dysfunction of the:
hypothalamus
The "thermostat" or nucleus that monitors blood temperature is located in the:
hypothalamus
Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis (or pituitary gland) is the:
infundibulum
The basal nuclei function to:
inhibit unwanted muscular activity.
The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves:
innervate the salivary glands.
The blockage of CFS inside the brain is a condition called:
internal hydrocephalus.
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
interneuron
All spinal nerves from C2 to L5 exit the vertebral column through a(n):
intervertebral foramen.
Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?
involved in psychosomatic illnesses
The corpus callosum:
is a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.
The conus medullaris:
is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
The limbic system:
is associated with basic survival instincts of nutrition, memory, and reproduction.
The reticular formation:
is composed of nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem.
The glossopharyngeal nerve:
is involved in the sense of taste.
Smooth, flowing movements are the result of fine motor coordination in the:
lateral cerebellar hemispheres.
Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?
lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
The corpus striatum is composed of the:
lentiform and caudate nuclei.
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the:
reticular formation.
The spinal cord:
links the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
A man was in an accident and severed his spinal cord between C6 and C7. Which of the following would NOT occur?
loss of use of the phrenic nerves and paralysis of the diaphragm
If you pinch your index finger in a door, pain sensations are carried via the ____ nerve.
median
An injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would compress the:
median nerve
Water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids move across the blood-brain barrier by:
mediated transport.
A patient with a traumatic head injury may exhibit vomiting as a result of irritation of nuclei in the:
medulla oblongata
A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the:
medulla oblongata
Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?
medulla oblongata
From which embryonic brain region does the cerebellum form?
metencephalon
During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut between the:
midbrain and diencephalon.
The nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, and V are located in the:
midbrian
A lesion in the cerebral peduncles might affect:
movement
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of:
movement
The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the:
muscle spindle
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?
muscles of the arm and forearm
Using the biceps brachii to flex the forearm requires innervation of the _____ nerve.
musculocutaneous
Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?
musculocutaneous
From which embryonic brain region does the medulla oblongata form?
myelencephalon
In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called:
nuclei
Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus?
obturator
Adduction of the thigh involves the ____________. :
obturator nerve
Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the:
oculomotor nerve.
A fracture of the cribriform plate might injure the _____ cranial nerve?
olfactory
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains:
only motor fibers
The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the:
outside, gray matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root
Which of the following nerves is a branch of both the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus?
phrenic
The central nervous system develops from a flat mass of tissue called the neural:
plate
Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a:
plexus
Consider the following five terms and determine which does not belong.
pons
The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the:
pons
The part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain is the:
pons
Which area of the brain contains areas that initiates REM sleep?
pons
Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?
pons, medulla oblongata
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to...
prevent the person from falling down
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to:
prevent the person from falling down.
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
provides oxygen to CNS tissue
Branches of the ____ nerve are anesthetized before a doctor performs an episiotomy for childbirth.
pudendal
Improper use of crutches could cause compression of the _____ nerve.
radial
Gamma motor neurons:
regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle
Reciprocal innervation:
reinforces the withdrawal reflex.
The endoneurium:
surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells.
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain?
tectum (roof)
What part of the midbrain carries sensory tracts from the spinal cord?
tegmentum
The cerebrum develops from the embryonic region called the:
telencephalon
The lateral fissure separates the _____ from the rest of the cerebrum.
temporal lobe
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
tentorium cerebelli - base of brain
Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the:
thalamus
The interthalamic adhesion connects the two portions of the:
thalamus
Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others?
thalamus
A person with a lesion in the brain exhibited the following manifestations: normal tension in skeletal muscle, disturbed fine motor control, exhibited tremors when reaching for objects. What part of the brain is most likely damaged?
the cerebellum
The limbic system involves various neural connections between:
the cerebrum and diencephalon.
Projection fibers will connect:
the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and the spinal cord.
What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?
the dorsal root has a ganglion
The most superficial meningeal layer is:
the dura mater.
If cerebrospinal fluid does not drain properly,:
the excess fluid exerts pressure on the brain.
The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in:
the postcentral gyrus.
Walking a tightrope would activate what portion(s) of the medulla?
the pyramids and the olives
The Roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect:
the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of:
the stretch reflex
The cerebral gyri increase:
the surface area of the cortex.
The cerebral aqueduct connects:
the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.
The sac surrounding the spinal cord is the:
thecal sac
Which ventricle is located between the two halves of the thalamus?
third ventricle
The gastrocnemius muscle is most likely to be innervated by the _____ nerve.
tibial
Which nerve is involved when a dancer points his/her toes?
tibial
The sciatic nerve is composed of the:
tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve.
Dentists anesthetize a portion of the _____ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.
trigeminal
A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the:
trigeminal nerve.
Difficulty with chewing or an inability to chew might result from damage to the:
trigeminal nerve.
Which of the following cranial nerves innervates only one muscle of the eyeball?
trochlear nerve
What do the cavities of the neural tube become in the adult brain?
ventricles
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the:
ventricles of the brain.
A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve?
vestibulocochlear
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the:
withdrawal reflex
