Ch. 12 Central Nervous System
hippocampus, amygdaloid body
2 structures in the limbic system that play a role in memory
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ALS
blood plasma
CSF is formed from this
cerebrovascular accident
CVA
ischemia
CVA where tissue is deprived of blood supply; brain tissue dies
transient ischemic attack
TIA
tissue plasminogen activator
TPA
Broca's area
active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities
primary motor cortex
allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements
multimodal association areas
allows meaning to information received, tying to previous experience, and deciding on actions
cerebellum
allows smooth, coordinated movements
prefrontal cortex
another name for the anterior association area
motor
areas of the cerebral cortex that control voluntary movement
association
areas of the cerebral cortex that integrate diverse information
sensory
areas of the cerebral cortex that provide conscious awareness of sensation
medulla oblongata
autonomic reflex center (functions overlap with hypothalamus)
tract
bundle of axons in the CNS
nerve
bundle of axons in the PNS
medulla oblongata
cardiac center of this structure adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
paraplegia
caused by transection between T1 and L1
quadriplegia
caused by transection in cervical region
ependymal
cells that use ion pumps to control composition of CSF, with long cilia that keeps the CSF in constant motion
stroke
common term for cerebrovascular accident
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
condition caused by destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tract
poliomyelitis
condition caused by destruction of ventral horn motor neurons by poliovirus
anterior association area
contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning
brain stem
controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
hypothalamus
controls autonomic nervous system (blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size)
hypothalamus
controls endocrine system
premotor cortex
controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
premotor cortex
controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
frontal eye field
controls voluntary eye movements
premotor cortex
coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
transection
cross-sectioning of spinal cord at any level; results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to cut
spastic paralysis
damage to upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex; spinal neurons remain intact; muscles are stimulated by reflex activity but NO VOLUNTARY CONTROL of muscles; muscles often shorten permanently
anterior association area
development depends on feedback from social environment
limbic system
emotional or affective brain
cephalization
evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS (brain)
pons
fibers in this structure relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum
substantia nigra
functionally linked to basal nuclei
thalamus
gateway to cerebral cortex-all sensory information must pass through
pineal
gland that secretes melatonin
medulla oblongata
has centers that regulate vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
medulla oblongata
has several nuclei that relay sensory information (ex. nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis)
premotor cortex
helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities
left
hemisphere that controls language, math, and logic
right
hemisphere that controls visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic & musical skills
melatonin
hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycle
spatial discrimination
identification of body region being stimulated
medial lemniscal
includes fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis
posterior association area
involved in understanding written and spoken language (specifically, in Wernicke's area)
anterior association area
involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
limbic association area
involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus
posterior association area
large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes; plays role in recognizing patterns and faces localing us in space
clot buster
layman's term for tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
primary motor cortex
location of large neurons called pyramidal cells; allow us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles.
paralysis
loss of motor function caused by spinal cord trauma
thalamus
mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
periaqueductal gray matter
midbrain nuclei responsible for pain suppression
astrocytes
most abundant CNS neuroglia
anterior association area
most complicated cortical region
ipsilateral
most fibers entering and leaving the cerebellum are: ipsilateral or contralateral?
limbic system
most output relayed via hypothalamus
primary motor cortex
motor area found in the precentral gyrus
Broca's area
motor area of cerebral cortex that directs muscles of speech production
Wernicke's area
motor area of cerebral cortex that helps a person to understand what they hear
rubrospinal
motor pathway (lateral) for muscle tone of distal limb muscles (mostly FLEXORS)
vestibulospinal
motor pathway (ventral) for muscle tone, ipsilateral limb/trunk EXTENSORS; balance during standing/moving.
tectospinal
motor pathway (ventral) that turns neck for eyes to follow moving object
reticulospinal
motor pathway (ventral, medial & lateral) for muscle tone and many VISCERAL motor functions
corticospinal
motor pathway from cerebrum to spinal cord; contralateral skeletal muscles (voluntary motor tract)
cerebrospinal fluid
nourishes brain and carries chemical signals
amygdaloid body
nuclei of the limbic system that recognize angry or fearful facial expressions, assess danger, and elicit fear response
pons
nuclei of this structure help maintain normal rhythm of breathing
tissue plasminogen activator
only approved treatment for stroke-must be given within 3 hours
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side
cerebrospinal fluid
protects CNS from blows and other trauma
limbic association area
provides emotional impact that makes a scene important and helps establish memories
multimodal association areas
receive inputs from multiple sensory areas and send outputs to multiple areas, including premotor cortex
hypothalamus
regulates body temperature-sweating/shivering
hypothalamus
regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones
hypothalamus
regulates sleep-wake cycles
hypothalamus
regulates water balance and thirst
hypothalamus
responsible for physical responses to emotions (perception of pleasure, fear, rage, and in biological rhythms and drives)
multimodal association areas
sensations, thoughts, emotions become conscious - makes us who we are, based on experience
gustatory cortex
sensory area of cerebral cortex involved in perception of taste
vestibular cortex
sensory area of cerebral cortex responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)
olfactory cortex
sensory area of cerebral cortex that allows conscious awareness of odors
visceral sensory area
sensory area of cerebral cortex that allows conscious perception of visceral sensations such as upset stomach or full bladder
somatosensory association cortex
sensory area of cerebral cortex that integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of objects being felt; determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt
primary auditory cortex
sensory area of cerebral cortex that interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location
primary somatosensory cortex
sensory area of cerebral cortex that receives general sensory info from skin and prorioceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, & tendons; capable of spatial discrimination
primary visual cortex
sensory area of cerebral cortex that receives visual information from retinas
auditory association area
sensory area of cerebral cortex that stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus
visual association area
sensory area of cerebral cortex that uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli
paresthesias
sensory loss caused by spinal cord trauma
spinocerebellar
sensory pathway (in lateral white column) for trunk and lower limb proprioceptors
lateral spinothalamic
sensory pathway for pain and temperature
medial lemniscal
sensory pathway for skin and proprioception
ventral spinothalamic
sensory pathway for touch and pressure
flaccid paralysis
severe damage to ventral root or ventral horn cells; impulses do NOT reach muscles and there is NO VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY control of muscles; muscles atrophy
cerebral cortex
site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, and understanding
lateralization
specialization of functions in the brain
cingulate gyrus
structure in the limbic system with a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolving mental conflict
cerebral edema
swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury
limbic
system that allows us to be consciously aware of emotional richness in our lives
limbic
system that allows us to react emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening
blood brain barrier
system that helps maintain stable environment for brain; separates neurons from some bloodborne substances
limbic
system that includes parts of diencephalon and some cerebral structures that encircle brain stem
limbic
system that interacts with prefrontal lobes
transient ischemic attack
temporary episode of reversible cerebral ischemia
spinal shock
transient (temporary) period of functional loss caudal to (below) lesion
concussion
traumatic brain injury which causes a temporary alteration in function
contusion
traumatic brain injury which causes permanent damage
medulla oblongata
vasomotor center of this structure adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation
hydrocephalus
water on the brain
aneurysm
when a blood vessel in the brain bursts
stroke
when brain stops receiving oxygenated blood (commonly caused by a blood clot) <common term>
