ch 12 groups

What organizational structures will INCREASE group think? -establishing a norm of independent critical review -using highly systematic and detailed procedures -having an authoritarian and directive leader -only hiring people with the same background and experiences(QUIZ)

-having an authoritarian and directive leader -only hiring people with the same background and experiences

Power is related to three other kinds of social rank—status, authority, and dominance—but it is not synonymous with them. Fill in the blanks to complete the scenario that illustrates how these three concepts relate to power within the social hierarchy.

A brutal dictator might have engaged in dominance to acquire power and will likely continue to exhibit that behavior to demonstrate and maintain power. The dictator's institutionalized position at the top of the hierarchy would give him authority. However, if those who are lower than him in the hierarchy do not respect him, his power will not be accompanied by status.

what is a group?

A group is a collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent on one another to a significant degree.

Emergent behaviors—behaviors that emerge only when people are in groups—are extremely difficult to study. Which of the following are accurate explanations for this finding and which are not?

Accurate Explanation(s) People are on their best behavior when they enter a scientific lab, and it's difficult to create a situation where they will act impulsively and destructively. Ethical constraints exist against putting people in situations where aggressiveness and acts of destruction are likely. Inaccurate Explanation(s) Scientifically valid research is impossible to conduct on it in either the lab or the real world.

According to Philip Zimbardo, people often find the impulsivity that accompanies deindividuation to be liberating. Which of the following are accurate statements about this theory and which are not?

Accurate Statement(s) Acting impulsively can fulfill a yearning to break free from mental constraints. People spend much of their lives under tight cognitive controls that can be stifling. Inaccurate Statement(s) Societies do not recognize the human need to act impulsively. Although people can enjoy the liberating effects of impulsivity, the resulting behavior does not entail illegal activity.

Which of the following statements about group decision making are accurate and which are not?

Accurate Statement(s) Groups tend to make better decisions than individuals for problems with precise, factual answers. Individuals in groups can be more concerned about being judged than about finding the best solution. Individuals in groups sometimes value the feelings of others more than finding the best answer. Inaccurate Statement(s) Groups always make better decisions than individuals. Groups are seldom concerned with maintaining cohesion and harmony, and are often more focused on finding the best solution to the problem at hand.

What is the CRITICAL difference between social facilitation and social loafing? (QUIZ)

Social facilitation occurs for independent tasks, whereas social loafing occurs for collective(or pooled) tasks.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about investigations of whether groups tend to be riskier or more cautious decision makers than individuals.

Studies have suggested that groups tend to reinforce people's initial leanings—whether those leanings are more cautious or riskier. This is the basis for the phenomenon of group polarization, the tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals.

Which of the following are suggestions by Irving Janis to improve group deliberations and prevent groupthink from happening and which are not?

Suggested by Janis The group should seek input from advisers outside the group. Group leaders should refrain from making their opinions or preferences known prior to any discussion. Not Suggested by Janis The group should avoid having a devil's advocate within the group. The group should be prepared to engage in vigorous damage control if a decision proves wrong.

identify the true and false statements about our earliest ancestors and group living.

True Statement(s) Groups gave our earliest ancestors better protection from aggressors and predators. Groups allowed our earliest ancestors to acquire food more efficiently. Groups provided our earliest ancestors with assistance in the caring of children. False Statement(s) Groups gave our earliest ancestors a survival advantage, but groups did not address their psychological needs. All other mammals live in groups, and our earliest ancestors were following their examples.

individuation example

accomplished by being placed in front of a mirror or under watchful eyes

antecedent condition example

directive leadership high cohesiveness of group

Whenever any two variables have increased simultaneously over time, there will be a(n) substantialcorrelation between them. This kind of systematic increase (or decrease) over time is referred to as a(n) secular trend.

done .

Paul feels self-conscious because he thinks the other weightlifters might judge him if he lifts smaller weights is an example of

evaluation apprehension

The approach/inhibitation theory of power suggests that _____ individuals focus more on the self and feel unconstrained whereas, _____ individuals focus more on others and feel constrained. (QUIZ)

high power, low power.

The halloween field study discussed in class examined when trick o treaters were likely to steal candy. The researchers recorded whether each trick o treater arrived alone or in a group. The researchers also randomly asked children arriving alone and some arriving in groups to provide their names and addresses. The results of this study showed that children were MOST likely to steal candy if they arrived ____ and if they were _____ (QUIZ)

in a group; not asked to provide their name and addresses

Sarah's school just won the NCAA basketball championship. Thousands of students have run outside and started vandalizing school property to celebrate. Sarah is normally mild mannered, but she gets caught up in the mob. Match each component of Zimbardo's model of deindividuation to the appropriate example from Sarah's experience.

internal state-sarah no longer cares what others think anecdote conditions-saran is energized by the crowd behavioral effect-saran smashes a window

Symptom of Defective Decision Making example

poor info research selective bias in processing available info

example of spotlight effect

predicted that students believed others would judge them harshly for wearing an embarrassing T-shirt

predicted that people working in front of a mirror would be less likely to cheat on a task is an example of

self awareness theory

symptom of groupthink example

self-censorship of individual members stereotypes of outgroups

Monica is an experienced runner. She runs better when someone else is present on the track is an example of

social facilitation

At his company's volunteer day at a local school, Aaron catches up on Twitter while his coworkers paint walls.

social loafing

According to social psychologists, which of the following are typical characteristics of people who rise to positions of leadership in social hierarchies and which are not?

typical Characteristic(s) emotional intelligence ability to provide rewards to the group requisite social skills to build strong, cooperative relations among group members expertise and skill relevant to the goals of the group Not Typical Characteristic(s) skill at using deception, coercion, fear, and manipulation The characteristics of successful leaders found by social psychologists have not been observed in nonhuman species.