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Ch 13, 14, 15 Test

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1 A __________________ is a systematic arrangement of data values in which the unique data values are rank ordered and the frequencies are provided for each of these values. Select one: a. mean plot b. line graph c. frequency distribution d. scatter plot

1 A __________________ is a systematic arrangement of data values in which the unique data values are rank ordered and the frequencies are provided for each of these values. Select one: X a. mean plot X b. line graph *c. frequency distribution* X d. scatter plot

25 Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sampling distributions? Select one: a. Sampling distributions are not theoretical probability distributions. b. The only sampling distribution possible is the sampling distribution of the mean. c. Sampling distributions can be made for any sample statistic. d. Sampling distributions can only be created for samples of N = 40+.

25 Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sampling distributions? Select one: X a. Sampling distributions are not theoretical probability distributions. X b. The only sampling distribution possible is the sampling distribution of the mean. X c. Sampling distributions can be made for any sample statistic. *d. Sampling distributions can only be created for samples of N = 40+.*

36 If the p value associated with the F ratio in the analysis of variance indicates a significant difference in performance across three conditions, Select one: a. there are no significant individual group differences. b. each group differs significantly from all of the others. c. we will need to conduct post hoc tests to determine which pair(s) of group means is/are significantly different. d. we need to examine the individual sample group means to see which groups differ significantly.

36 If the p value associated with the F ratio in the analysis of variance indicates a significant difference in performance across three conditions, Select one: X a. there are no significant individual group differences. X b. each group differs significantly from all of the others. *c. we will need to conduct post hoc tests to determine which pair(s) of group means is/are significantly different.* X d. we need to examine the individual sample group means to see which groups differ significantly.

50 Which of the following is a method for reducing researcher bias in qualitative research? Select one: a. reactivity. b. confirmation seeking. c. reflexivity. d. methods triangulation.

50 Which of the following is a method for reducing researcher bias in qualitative research? Select one: X a. reactivity. b. confirmation seeking. *c. reflexivity.* d. methods triangulation.

18 The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is Select one: a. equal to 100. b. equal to 0. c. equal to the mean of the population. d. depends on the size of the sample

18 The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is Select one: X a. equal to 100. X b. equal to 0. *c. equal to the mean of the population.* d. depends on the size of the sample

2 If a researcher joined a religious cult to see how members are recruited and why affiliation is so strong, she would be using the Select one: a. ex post facto method. b. experimental method. c. phenomenological method. d. participant-observer method.

2 If a researcher joined a religious cult to see how members are recruited and why affiliation is so strong, she would be using the Select one: X a. ex post facto method. X b. experimental method. X c. phenomenological method. *d. participant-observer method.*

52 The sampling distribution of the mean is important for Select one: a. determining if a given sample mean is rare in hypothesis testing. b. descriptive statistics. c. determining the mean of a sample. d. determining what type of inferential test is appropriate.

52 The sampling distribution of the mean is important for Select one: *a. determining if a given sample mean is rare in hypothesis testing.* X b. descriptive statistics. c. determining the mean of a sample. d. determining what type of inferential test is appropriate.

54 Suppose you conduct an experiment and find that the probability of obtaining your results by chance alone was 3% (.03). Your decision, if your research is like most psychological research, should be to Select one: a. use a different dependent variable. b. accept the null hypothesis. c. reject the null hypothesis. d. reject the alternative hypothesis.

54 Suppose you conduct an experiment and find that the probability of obtaining your results by chance alone was 3% (.03). Your decision, if your research is like most psychological research, should be to Select one: a. use a different dependent variable. b. accept the null hypothesis. *c. reject the null hypothesis.* d. reject the alternative hypothesis.

14 What is the median for the following set of scores? 1, 3, 3, 5, 8, 10 Select one: a. 6 b. 5 c. 4 d. 3

14 What is the median for the following set of scores? 1, 3, 3, 5, 8, 10 Select one: X a. 6 b. 5 *c. 4* d. 3

43 A ______ statistic follows a known sampling distribution and is used in significance testing. Select one: a. test b. parameter c. point d. standard

43 A ______ statistic follows a known sampling distribution and is used in significance testing. Select one: *a. test* b. parameter c. point d. standard

45 The use of inferential statistics helps us decide whether to reject the null hypothesis by Select one: a. computing the probability that the alternative hypothesis is true. b. estimating the probability of obtaining observed group differences by chance alone. c. computing the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false. d. computing how large a difference between two means has to be in order to be clinically relevant.

45 The use of inferential statistics helps us decide whether to reject the null hypothesis by Select one: a. computing the probability that the alternative hypothesis is true. *b. estimating the probability of obtaining observed group differences by chance alone.* X c. computing the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false. d. computing how large a difference between two means has to be in order to be clinically relevant.

48 Each of the following is a type of case study except Select one: a. extrinsic. b. intrinsic. c. instrumental. d. collective.

48 Each of the following is a type of case study except Select one: *a. extrinsic.* b. intrinsic. X c. instrumental. d. collective.

10 A three-way ANOVA has ____ independent variables. Select one: a. 12 b. 6 c. 9 d. 3

10 A three-way ANOVA has ____ independent variables. Select one: X a. 12 X b. 6 X c. 9 *d. 3*

13 The least informative measure of central tendency is the Select one: a. variance. b. median. c. mode. d. range.

13 The least informative measure of central tendency is the Select one: X a. variance. X b. median. *c. mode.* X d. range.

19 What is S X for the following group of scores? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Select one: a. 5 b. 15 c. 3 d. 30

19 What is S X for the following group of scores? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Select one: X a. 5 *b. 15* X c. 3 d. 30

22 What is the median for the following set of scores? 2, 6, 2, 11, 14 Select one: a. 2 b. 8.5 c. 6 d. 4

22 What is the median for the following set of scores? 2, 6, 2, 11, 14 Select one: X a. 2 b. 8.5 *c. 6* d. 4

24 If the pattern of dots on a scatterplot runs from upper left to lower right what does this indicate? Select one: a. that it is a negative relationship b. that the relationship is strong c. that the relationship is weak d. that it is a positive relationship

24 If the pattern of dots on a scatterplot runs from upper left to lower right what does this indicate? Select one: *a. that it is a negative relationship* X b. that the relationship is strong c. that the relationship is weak d. that it is a positive relationship

26 What kind of effect can you examine with a two-way analysis of variance that you could not examine if you conducted multiple one-way analyses? Select one: a. which group(s) performed significantly better or worse than other group(s) b. the way in which each treatment effect increases as you add more independent variables c. the interaction effect of the two independent variables d. the degree to which either independent variable alone changes performance on the dependent variable

26 What kind of effect can you examine with a two-way analysis of variance that you could not examine if you conducted multiple one-way analyses? Select one: X a. which group(s) performed significantly better or worse than other group(s) X b. the way in which each treatment effect increases as you add more independent variables *c. the interaction effect of the two independent variables* X d. the degree to which either independent variable alone changes performance on the dependent variable

27 How many null hypotheses are tested in a two-way analysis of variance? Select one: a. 3 b. 1 c. 4 d. 2

27 How many null hypotheses are tested in a two-way analysis of variance? Select one: *a. 3* X b. 1 X c. 4 X d. 2

29 When the test statistic falls within the _______ region of the sampling distribution the research would ______ the null hypothesis. Select one: a. critical; reject b. test; accept c. critical; accept d. test; reject

29 When the test statistic falls within the _______ region of the sampling distribution the research would ______ the null hypothesis. Select one: *a. critical; reject* b. test; accept c. critical; accept d. test; reject

38 _________ is to _________ as sample is to statistic Select one: a. Population; parameter b. Parameter; population c. Inferential; descriptive d. Descriptive; inferential

38 _________ is to _________ as sample is to statistic Select one: *a. Population; parameter* b. Parameter; population c. Inferential; descriptive X d. Descriptive; inferential

49 Which of the following factors strongly affects the width of a confidence interval? Select one: a. population mean b. sample mean c. sample size d. population size

49 Which of the following factors strongly affects the width of a confidence interval? Select one: a. population mean b. sample mean *c. sample size* d. population size

1 What is the main difference between a one-way and a two-way analysis of variance? Select one: a. one-way is used when you have matched groups and two-way is used when you have independent groups b. in a two-way, you compute the F ratio using two different methods, and take the F that is larger c. one uses a one-way when working with an odd number of independent variables and a two-way when working with an even number d. a one-way analysis of variance is used when you have one independent variable and a two-way analysis of variance is used when you have two independent variables

...1 What is the main difference between a one-way and a two-way analysis of variance? Select one: X a. one-way is used when you have matched groups and two-way is used when you have independent groups X b. in a two-way, you compute the F ratio using two different methods, and take the F that is larger X c. one uses a one-way when working with an odd number of independent variables and a two-way when working with an even number * d. a one-way analysis of variance is used when you have one independent variable and a two-way analysis of variance is used when you have two independent variables*

1 Discussing the findings and interpretations of your research with other researchers is important in establishing theoretical validity and is referred to as Select one: a. researcher as detective. b. investigator confirmation. c. external audit. d. peer review.

1 Discussing the findings and interpretations of your research with other researchers is important in establishing theoretical validity and is referred to as Select one: X a. researcher as detective. X b. investigator confirmation. X c. external audit. *d. peer review.*

10 Internal validity in qualitative research focuses on Select one: a. generalizing findings from a particular individual to the larger population. b. understanding how variables are causally related and how they generalize to all people. c. understanding how variables are causally related in a particular context. d. nomological causation.

10 Internal validity in qualitative research focuses on Select one: X a. generalizing findings from a particular individual to the larger population. X b. understanding how variables are causally related and how they generalize to all people. *c. understanding how variables are causally related in a particular context.* x d. nomological causation.

10 What kind of graph uses bars that are separated by spaces? Select one: a. a bar graph b. a histogram c. neither a nor b d. both a and b

10 What kind of graph uses bars that are separated by spaces? Select one: *a. a bar graph* X b. a histogram X c. neither a nor b d. both a and b

11 Dr. Drinkwater wants to describe what it is like to be Amish in the 21st century. He has befriended several members of a local Amish community who have invited him to come and live with them for the year. The best approach to this study would be to do Select one: a. a correlational study. b. a collective case study. c. a phenomenological study. d. an ethnographic study.

11 Dr. Drinkwater wants to describe what it is like to be Amish in the 21st century. He has befriended several members of a local Amish community who have invited him to come and live with them for the year. The best approach to this study would be to do Select one: X a. a correlational study. X b. a collective case study. X c. a phenomenological study. *d. an ethnographic study.*

11 Dr. Mai conducts a test of a new anti-malaria drug in Africa and concludes that he should reject the null hypothesis because his probability value was .04. He concludes, therefore, that his drug works. In reality, however, it does not work. Dr. Mai has committed a error. Select one: a. logical b. statistical c. Type I (or false positive) d. Type II (or false negative)

11 Dr. Mai conducts a test of a new anti-malaria drug in Africa and concludes that he should reject the null hypothesis because his probability value was .04. He concludes, therefore, that his drug works. In reality, however, it does not work. Dr. Mai has committed a error. Select one: X a. logical b. statistical *c. Type I (or false positive)* d. Type II (or false negative)

11 When drawing a line graph, the dependent variable normally belongs on Select one: a. the horizontal axis. b. the vertical axis. c. horizontal axis unless the variable is nominal. d. either the horizontal or vertical axis.

11 When drawing a line graph, the dependent variable normally belongs on Select one: X a. the horizontal axis. *b. the vertical axis.* c. horizontal axis unless the variable is nominal. d. either the horizontal or vertical axis.

12 In a histogram, frequencies are presented on the and the score variable is presented on the . Select one: a. X-axis; Y-axis b. either axis; either axis c. horizontal axis; vertical axis d. vertical axis; horizontal axis

12 In a histogram, frequencies are presented on the and the score variable is presented on the . Select one: X a. X-axis; Y-axis b. either axis; either axis X c. horizontal axis; vertical axis *d. vertical axis; horizontal axis*

12 What is stated by the null hypothesis for the chi-square test for contingency tables? Select one: a. there is a relationship between the two categorical variables b. there is no relationship between the two categorical variables c. the two variables have different frequency distributions d. both variables have the same frequency distribution

12 What is stated by the null hypothesis for the chi-square test for contingency tables? Select one: X a. there is a relationship between the two categorical variables *b. there is no relationship between the two categorical variables* X c. the two variables have different frequency distributions X d. both variables have the same frequency distribution

12 Which type of validity important in mixed method research states that researchers must not treat the quantitative and qualitative samples the same, but, instead, draw appropriate conclusions from each sample? Select one: a. multiple validity b. weakness validity c. sequential validity d. sample integration validity

12 Which type of validity important in mixed method research states that researchers must not treat the quantitative and qualitative samples the same, but, instead, draw appropriate conclusions from each sample? Select one: X a. multiple validity X b. weakness validity X c. sequential validity *d. sample integration validity*

13 ___________ use(s) ______________ along with beliefs, language, and norms to interpret and understand their world. Both are important for ethnographic qualitative research. Select one: a. Cultures; shared values b. Cultures; individual values c. Society; individual ideals d. Society; individual values

13 ___________ use(s) ______________ along with beliefs, language, and norms to interpret and understand their world. Both are important for ethnographic qualitative research. Select one: *a. Cultures; shared values* X b. Cultures; individual values X c. Society; individual ideals X d. Society; individual values

14 The standard deviation of a distribution of means (sampling distribution) is called Select one: a. the absolute mean deviation. b. the standard mean deviation. c. the standard error. d. the mean deviation.

14 The standard deviation of a distribution of means (sampling distribution) is called Select one: a. the absolute mean deviation. b. the standard mean deviation. *c. the standard error.* d. the mean deviation.

14 _________ validity is providing an accurate description of a particular phenomenon, situation, or group. Select one: a. Descriptive b. Theoretical c. Explanatory d. Interpretive

14 _________ validity is providing an accurate description of a particular phenomenon, situation, or group. Select one: *a. Descriptive* X b. Theoretical X c. Explanatory x d. Interpretive

15 The type of graph that would best display an interaction effect is: Select one: a. line graph b. scatterplot. c. pie graph. d. histogram.

15 The type of graph that would best display an interaction effect is: Select one: *a. line graph* X b. scatterplot. c. pie graph. X d. histogram.

15 Which of the following is a strength of qualitative research? Select one: a. sophisticated statistical techniques are utilized b. the results are typically generalizable to a larger population c. it can provide an in-depth understanding of an individual or situation d. researcher bias is eliminated

15 Which of the following is a strength of qualitative research? Select one: X a. sophisticated statistical techniques are utilized X b. the results are typically generalizable to a larger population *c. it can provide an in-depth understanding of an individual or situation* x d. researcher bias is eliminated

16 A collective case study is different from other case studies in that Select one: a. a community is studied rather than an individual. b. more than one individual is studied. c. more than one researcher studies the individual. d. more than one data collection method is used.

16 A collective case study is different from other case studies in that Select one: X a. a community is studied rather than an individual. *b. more than one individual is studied.* X c. more than one researcher studies the individual. X d. more than one data collection method is used.

16 A correlation coefficient is used to: Select one: a. establish the time ordering of variables n. b. make a statement of causation in nonexperimental research c. examine the relationship between three categorical variables d. examine the relationship between two quantitative variables

16 A correlation coefficient is used to: Select one: X a. establish the time ordering of variables n. b. make a statement of causation in nonexperimental research c. examine the relationship between three categorical variables *d. examine the relationship between two quantitative variables*

16 Although the change decreases statistical power, you can decrease the risk of making a Type I error simply by Select one: a. adjust your degrees of freedom. b. examining extraneous variables. c. adding more dependent variables to your study. d. making your significance (i.e., alpha) level smaller (e.g., change it from .05 to .01).

16 Although the change decreases statistical power, you can decrease the risk of making a Type I error simply by Select one: X a. adjust your degrees of freedom. X b. examining extraneous variables. X c. adding more dependent variables to your study. *d. making your significance (i.e., alpha) level smaller (e.g., change it from .05 to .01).*

17 A Type I error is known as a _______ and a Type II error is known as a _____. Select one: a. population error, sample error. b. sample error, population error. c. false negative, false positive. d. false positive, false negative

17 A Type I error is known as a _______ and a Type II error is known as a _____. Select one: X a. population error, sample error. X b. sample error, population error. c. false negative, false positive. *d. false positive, false negative*

17 Qualitative research is interpretive, which involves Select one a. observing in the laboratory environment. b. extracting information from non-numerical data. c. using objective measurements. d. quantifying non-numerical data.

17 Qualitative research is interpretive, which involves Select one: X a. observing in the laboratory environment. *b. extracting information from non-numerical data.* X c. using objective measurements. X d. quantifying non-numerical data.

17 The mean, median, and mode are all considered to be measures of Select one: a. inferential statistics. b. central tendency. c. variability. d. effect size.

17 The mean, median, and mode are all considered to be measures of Select one: X a. inferential statistics. *b. central tendency.* X c. variability. d. effect size.

18 Elizabeth wants to graph the relation between the number of hours spent studying and major (psychology, biology, education, etc.). What type of graph should she use? Select one: a. bar graph b. frequency polygon c. line graph d. scatterplot

18 Elizabeth wants to graph the relation between the number of hours spent studying and major (psychology, biology, education, etc.). What type of graph should she use? Select one: *a. bar graph* X b. frequency polygon X c. line graph X d. scatterplot

18 _________ is one way to avoid researcher bias in qualitative research. Select one: a. Confirmation seeking b. Negative-case sampling c. Extended fieldwork d. Data triangulation

18 _________ is one way to avoid researcher bias in qualitative research. Select one: X a. Confirmation seeking *b. Negative-case sampling* X c. Extended fieldwork X d. Data triangulation

19 Hypothesis testing is Select one: a. all of the above. b. a way of determining ultimate truth. c. a statistical decision making process. d. the way to determine if our hypothesis has construct validity.

19 Hypothesis testing is Select one: X a. all of the above. b. a way of determining ultimate truth. *c. a statistical decision making process.* d. the way to determine if our hypothesis has construct validity.

2 Dr. Gomez would like to graph the scores from a recent exam (a quantitative variable), what type of graph should she use and what should be on the horizontal axis? Select one: a. bar graph; exam scores b. pie chart; modal values c. bar graph; frequency values d. histogram; exam score values

2 Dr. Gomez would like to graph the scores from a recent exam (a quantitative variable), what type of graph should she use and what should be on the horizontal axis? Select one: X a. bar graph; exam scores X b. pie chart; modal values X c. bar graph; frequency values *d. histogram; exam score values*

2 Suppose one experimenter decides to test a treatment with only one experimental group and one control group, while another experimenter tests different levels of the same treatment with three different groups of participants. How will this affect the way in which the two experimenters conduct their statistical analysis? Select one: a. the first would conduct a t test, while the second would start with an analysis of variance and (if significant) then conduct post hoc tests to determine which groups are significantly different. b. this will not make a difference in how they analyze their data c. the second should analyze differences in groups means while the first should analyze diifferences in group variability d. the first should use a lower significance level than the second

2 Suppose one experimenter decides to test a treatment with only one experimental group and one control group, while another experimenter tests different levels of the same treatment with three different groups of participants. How will this affect the way in which the two experimenters conduct their statistical analysis? Select one: *a. the first would conduct a t test, while the second would start with an analysis of variance and (if significant) then conduct post hoc tests to determine which groups are significantly different.* X b. this will not make a difference in how they analyze their data X c. the second should analyze differences in groups means while the first should analyze diifferences in group variability X d. the first should use a lower significance level than the second

20 Because much of data collection in qualitative research is spent interviewing and observing participants in their natural environment, data collection is sometimes called ____________, and notes taken by the researcher are called ____________. Select one: a. qualitation; quality b. method triangulation; data triangulation c. fieldwork; fieldnotes d. feedback; data

20 Because much of data collection in qualitative research is spent interviewing and observing participants in their natural environment, data collection is sometimes called ____________, and notes taken by the researcher are called ____________. Select one: X a. qualitation; quality X b. method triangulation; data triangulation *c. fieldwork; fieldnotes* X d. feedback; data

20 Kirsten runs an experiment for her research methods class in which she studies vocabulary learning in one group of introductory-level French students. At the start of the semester, she assesses these students' knowledge of French vocabulary; she does another assessment at the end of the semester. What statistical test should she use to see whether her group of French students significantly increased their knowledge of French vocabulary? Select one: a. two-way analysis of variance b. one-way repeated measures analysis of variance c. one-way analysis of variance d. independent samples t test

20 Kirsten runs an experiment for her research methods class in which she studies vocabulary learning in one group of introductory-level French students. At the start of the semester, she assesses these students' knowledge of French vocabulary; she does another assessment at the end of the semester. What statistical test should she use to see whether her group of French students significantly increased their knowledge of French vocabulary? Select one: a. two-way analysis of variance *b. one-way repeated measures analysis of variance* c. one-way analysis of variance d. independent samples t test

20 The relationship between number of friends and happiness is weaker in adulthood than in childhood. You make a scatter plot for children and a scatter plot for adults. In each scatter plot, you have SPSS insert the best fitting straight line. The cluster of dots for adults (compared to that for children): Select one: a. there will be a lack any apparent tilt in the line. b. will be more spread out surrounding the best fitting straight line. c. all dots will always fall on the straight line. d. will be less spread out surrounding the best fitting straight line (i.e., they will be closer to the line).

20 The relationship between number of friends and happiness is weaker in adulthood than in childhood. You make a scatter plot for children and a scatter plot for adults. In each scatter plot, you have SPSS insert the best fitting straight line. The cluster of dots for adults (compared to that for children): Select one: X a. there will be a lack any apparent tilt in the line. *b. will be more spread out surrounding the best fitting straight line.* c. all dots will always fall on the straight line. X d. will be less spread out surrounding the best fitting straight line (i.e., they will be closer to the line).

21 According to the steps of hypothesis testing provided in your text, if you are using an independent samples t test, which of the following describes your procedure: Select one: a. Select your significance level, determine the degrees of freedom, calculate your t test score, get the critical t value, reject the null hypothesis if the calculated t value is less than the critical t value. b. Calculate your t test score, determine the degrees of freedom, run the statistical program and get the p value, reject the null hypothesis if the p is greater than the alpha level. c. State your null and alternative hypotheses, determine the degrees of freedom, calculate your t test score, reject the null hypothesis if the p value is greater than the significance/alpha level. d. State the null and the alternative hypotheses; set the alpha level; conduct the statistical test and obtain the p value based on your empirical data; compare your p value to the alpha level and make a decision (1. reject the null versus 2. fail to reject the null); last, interpret findings. .

21 According to the steps of hypothesis testing provided in your text, if you are using an independent samples t test, which of the following describes your procedure: Select one: a. Select your significance level, determine the degrees of freedom, calculate your t test score, get the critical t value, reject the null hypothesis if the calculated t value is less than the critical t value. b. Calculate your t test score, determine the degrees of freedom, run the statistical program and get the p value, reject the null hypothesis if the p is greater than the alpha level. X c. State your null and alternative hypotheses, determine the degrees of freedom, calculate your t test score, reject the null hypothesis if the p value is greater than the significance/alpha level. *d. State the null and the alternative hypotheses; set the alpha level; conduct the statistical test and obtain the p value based on your empirical data; compare your p value to the alpha level and make a decision (1. reject the null versus 2. fail to reject the null); last, interpret findings.*

21 The use of descriptive statistics involves Select one: a. summarizing your data so that it is easier for others to understand. b. hypothesis testing. c. the use of both point and interval estimation. d. making inferences from your data to a population.

21 The use of descriptive statistics involves Select one: *a. summarizing your data so that it is easier for others to understand.* X b. hypothesis testing. c. the use of both point and interval estimation. d. making inferences from your data to a population.

21 Which of the following would be most likely to be used as a method of data collection by a phenomenological researcher? Select one: a. study of archival data b. in-depth interviews c. a brief survey with all closed-ended questions d. rating scale

21 Which of the following would be most likely to be used as a method of data collection by a phenomenological researcher? Select one: X a. study of archival data *b. in-depth interviews* X c. a brief survey with all closed-ended questions X d. rating scale

22 Dr. Yung tests a new anti-malaria drug in an Asian population and concludes that he cannot reject the null hypothesis, and must conclude he does not have sufficient evidence to conclude that the drug works. In reality, the drug does work. Dr. Yung has committed a error. Select one: a. Type II (false negative) b. Type I (false positive) c. logical d. statistical

22 Dr. Yung tests a new anti-malaria drug in an Asian population and concludes that he cannot reject the null hypothesis, and must conclude he does not have sufficient evidence to conclude that the drug works. In reality, the drug does work. Dr. Yung has committed a error. Select one: *a. Type II (false negative)* X b. Type I (false positive) c. logical d. statistical

22 The initial stage of data analysis in grounded theory is referred to as Select one: a. closed coding. b. axial coding. c. open coding. d. co-axial coding.

22 The initial stage of data analysis in grounded theory is referred to as Select one: X a. closed coding. X b. axial coding. *c. open coding.* X d. co-axial coding.

23 What kind of graph is used to display frequencies as bars without spaces between them? Select one: a. a histogram b. a scatterplot c. all of the above d. a bar graph

23 What kind of graph is used to display frequencies as bars without spaces between them? Select one: *a. a histogram* X b. a scatterplot X c. all of the above d. a bar graph

23 While increasing statistical power is an advantage of directional alternative hypotheses, which one of the following is a disadvantage? Select one: a. Directional hypotheses are hard to use b. Directional hypothesis leads to an increase in degrees of freedom c. When using directional alternative hypotheses you cannot reject the null if the outcome is large but in the opposite direction of the prediction d. There are no disadvantage to using directional hypotheses.

23 While increasing statistical power is an advantage of directional alternative hypotheses, which one of the following is a disadvantage? Select one: a. Directional hypotheses are hard to use X b. Directional hypothesis leads to an increase in degrees of freedom *c. When using directional alternative hypotheses you cannot reject the null if the outcome is large but in the opposite direction of the prediction* d. There are no disadvantage to using directional hypotheses.

24 The ___________ hypothesis is the hypothesis that the research is trying to provide evidence for in hypothesis testing. Select one: a. alternative b. critical c. null d. population

24 The ___________ hypothesis is the hypothesis that the research is trying to provide evidence for in hypothesis testing. Select one: *a. alternative* b. critical X c. null d. population

24 _____________ is the philosophy focusing on what works as the criterion of what should be viewed as tentatively true and useful in research and practice. Select one: a. Saturation Common sense c. Compatability d. Pragmatism

24 _____________ is the philosophy focusing on what works as the criterion of what should be viewed as tentatively true and useful in research and practice. Select one: X a. Saturation b. Common sense X c. Compatability *d. Pragmatism*

25 What is the mean for the following sample of scores? 2, 4, 6, 8 Select one: a. 4 b. 5 c. 20 d. 10

25 What is the mean for the following sample of scores? 2, 4, 6, 8 Select one: X a. 4 *b. 5* c. 20 d. 10

26 The case study of Phineas Gage is fascinating. In 1848 Gage was a railroad worker who was the victim of a horrible accident when an explosion caused a tamping iron to be shot through his skull. Gage survived but with several physical and psychological problems. The study of Gage after the accident provided scientists with great insight into the role of the brain in behavior. This is an example of a ___________ case study. Select one: a. intrinsic b. comparative c. instrumental d. descriptive

26 Which of the following graphs is most appropriate when displaying categorical data? Select one: a. scatterplot b. bar graph c. any of the above d. histogram

26 Which of the following graphs is most appropriate when displaying categorical data? Select one: X a. scatterplot *b. bar graph* X c. any of the above d. histogram

27 Triangulation in qualitative research may include Select one: a. the use of multiple methods to study a phenomenon. b. the use of multiple data sources. c. all of the above d. the use of multiple theories to interpret data.

27 Triangulation in qualitative research may include Select one: a. the use of multiple methods to study a phenomenon. b. the use of multiple data sources. *c. all of the above* d. the use of multiple theories to interpret data.

28 What is the main difference between single-case research designs and case studies? Select one: a. case studies typically focus on more than one individual b. single-case designs do not allow one to make conclusions regarding causality c. single-case designs focus on investigating the effect of a treatment d. case studies are experimental designs whereas single-cases designs are qualitative

28 What is the main difference between single-case research designs and case studies? Select one: a. case studies typically focus on more than one individual b. single-case designs do not allow one to make conclusions regarding causality *c. single-case designs focus on investigating the effect of a treatment* X d. case studies are experimental designs whereas single-cases designs are qualitative

29 If you were conducting a study in which you created a research report that discussed the rituals and norms that were characteristic of the group of people you were studying and focused on how the group members interacted with each other, you would most likely have conducted Select one: a. a phenomenological study. b. a laboratory study. c. a case study. d. an ethnographic study.

3 Jim has transcribed hours of audiotape from survivors of a plane crash. He believes he has identified some themes in their stories but before continuing with his research he asks some of his colleagues to read the transcripts and form their own interpretations. In doing this Jim is trying to establish __________ validity through the method of __________. Select one: a. theoretical; investigator triangulation b. descriptive; external audit c. theoretical; external audit d. descriptive; investigator triangulation

3 Jim has transcribed hours of audiotape from survivors of a plane crash. He believes he has identified some themes in their stories but before continuing with his research he asks some of his colleagues to read the transcripts and form their own interpretations. In doing this Jim is trying to establish __________ validity through the method of __________. Select one: X a. theoretical; investigator triangulation X b. descriptive; external audit X c. theoretical; external audit *d. descriptive; investigator triangulation*

3 Using the mean of a sample to estimate the mean of a population is called Select one: a. point estimation. b. sample mean estimation. c. interval estimation. d. population mean estimation.

3 Using the mean of a sample to estimate the mean of a population is called Select one: *a. point estimation.* X b. sample mean estimation. X c. interval estimation. X d. population mean estimation.

30 Methods to enhance theoretical validity include Select one: a. all of the above b. extended fieldwork. c. theory triangulation. d. peer review.

30 Methods to enhance theoretical validity include Select one: *a. all of the above* b. extended fieldwork. c. theory triangulation. d. peer review.

30 _____ is a variation of ANOVA that allows us to identify and remove the effects of a third variable and increase statistical power. Select one: a. Bonferroni b. ANCOVA c. MANOVA d. Factorial ANOVA

30 _____ is a variation of ANOVA that allows us to identify and remove the effects of a third variable and increase statistical power. Select one: a. Bonferroni *b. ANCOVA* c. MANOVA X d. Factorial ANOVA

31 Qualitative research can be described in the following way: Select one: a. it is objective, involves multiple methods, and focuses on people in subcultures b. it is interpretive, involves multiple methods, and focuses on people in their natural environment c. it is emotional, involves historical methods, and focuses on people with odd cultural practices d. it is opinionated, involves two specific methods, and focuses on cultures, not people

31 Qualitative research can be described in the following way: Select one: a. it is objective, involves multiple methods, and focuses on people in subcultures *b. it is interpretive, involves multiple methods, and focuses on people in their natural environment* c. it is emotional, involves historical methods, and focuses on people with odd cultural practices d. it is opinionated, involves two specific methods, and focuses on cultures, not people

31 When performing a t test for correlation coefficients the null hypothesis would state that Select one: a. the observed correlation between the two variables in the sample is zero. b. there is a significant correlation between the variables in the population. c. there is no correlation between the two variables in the population. d. the correlation between the two variables is not equal to zero.

31 When performing a t test for correlation coefficients the null hypothesis would state that Select one: X a. the observed correlation between the two variables in the sample is zero. X b. there is a significant correlation between the variables in the population. *c. there is no correlation between the two variables in the population.* X d. the correlation between the two variables is not equal to zero.

32 A key characteristic of grounded theory is Select one: a. using hypothesis testing to establish the validity of a theory. b. development of a theory based on empirical data. c. intense study of a single individual. d. using existing theory to explain empirical data.

32 A key characteristic of grounded theory is Select one: a. using hypothesis testing to establish the validity of a theory. *b. development of a theory based on empirical data.* c. intense study of a single individual. X d. using existing theory to explain empirical data.

32 Regarding the decision to use either a directional or nondirectional alternative hypothesis, most researchers Select one: a. have no convention at all in practice because there are pros and cons to each choice. b. typically use nondirectional alternative hypotheses if the significance level is .05 and directional if it is .01. c. prefer to use directional because of the increase in statistical power. d. use nondirectional alternative hypotheses because this allows you to reject the null if your finding occurs in the opposite direction from your prediction. That is, it allows you to discover something new.

32 Regarding the decision to use either a directional or nondirectional alternative hypothesis, most researchers Select one: X a. have no convention at all in practice because there are pros and cons to each choice. X b. typically use nondirectional alternative hypotheses if the significance level is .05 and directional if it is .01. X c. prefer to use directional because of the increase in statistical power. *d. use nondirectional alternative hypotheses because this allows you to reject the null if your finding occurs in the opposite direction from your prediction. That is, it allows you to discover something new.*

33 When the null hypothesis is rejected, Select one: a. you are saying that your finding is statistically significant. b. you are stating that nothing (null) was found. c. you are stating that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable. d. you are stating that there is only one population of research participants.

33 When the null hypothesis is rejected, Select one: *a. you are saying that your finding is statistically significant.* b. you are stating that nothing (null) was found. c. you are stating that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable. X d. you are stating that there is only one population of research participants.

34 A type I error occurs whenever Select one: a. we incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. b. we correctly fail to reject a false null hypothesis. c. we incorrectly fail to reject a false null hypothesis. d. we correctly reject a false null hypothesis.

34 A type I error occurs whenever Select one: *a. we incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis.* b. we correctly fail to reject a false null hypothesis. c. we incorrectly fail to reject a false null hypothesis. d. we correctly reject a false null hypothesis.

34 In writing the phenomenological report it is important to Select one: a. write a detailed narrative with a description of the essential characteristics of the experience. b. remain completely objective and detached. c. be brief. d. report on the type of statistical analysis employed as well as the effect size.

34 In writing the phenomenological report it is important to Select one: *a. write a detailed narrative with a description of the essential characteristics of the experience.* b. remain completely objective and detached. c. be brief. d. report on the type of statistical analysis employed as well as the effect size.

35 The narrative report for an ethnography should Select one: a. focus on a single theme. b. be a holistic report of the culture. c. focus on hypothesis testing.

35 The narrative report for an ethnography should Select one: a. focus on a single theme. *b. be a holistic report of the culture.* X c. focus on hypothesis testing.

35 When considering the decisions errors that can be made in hypothesis testing, one must balance the dangers of Type I versus Type II errors. Usually statistical testing is biased toward avoiding _____ errors. Select one: a. mathematical or computational b. Type I c. decisional d. Type II

36 A focus on testing groups of individuals with a primary goal of generalizing findings characterizes ________ research, while intensive study of individuals with less concern for generalizability characterizes ________ research. Select one: a. ethnographic; phenomenological b. quantitative; qualitative c. qualitative; quantitative d. phenomenological; ethnographic

36 A focus on testing groups of individuals with a primary goal of generalizing findings characterizes ________ research, while intensive study of individuals with less concern for generalizability characterizes ________ research. Select one: X a. ethnographic; phenomenological *b. quantitative; qualitative* X c. qualitative; quantitative d. phenomenological; ethnographic

37 Qualitative researchers use many methods in part to Select one: a. make the process more like an experiment. b. verify their quantitative observations. c. provide a better understanding of the phenomenon being investigated. d. find one that produces the expected outcome.

37 Qualitative researchers use many methods in part to Select one: X a. make the process more like an experiment. b. verify their quantitative observations. *c. provide a better understanding of the phenomenon being investigated.* d. find one that produces the expected outcome.

39 A three-way ANOVA tests ___ null hypotheses. Select one: a. 6 b. 7 c. 4 d. 3

39 A three-way ANOVA tests ___ null hypotheses. Select one: X a. 6 *b. 7* X c. 4 X d. 3

39 Which of the following is NOT one of the four key characteristics of grounded theory? Select one: a. the theory must provide understanding of the phenomenon b. the theory should contribute to some control of the phenomenon. c. the theory should have no generality d. the newly constructed grounded theory should fit the data.

39 Which of the following is NOT one of the four key characteristics of grounded theory? Select one: a. the theory must provide understanding of the phenomenon X b. the theory should contribute to some control of the phenomenon. *c. the theory should have no generality* d. the newly constructed grounded theory should fit the data

4 Inferential statistics involve the use of _____________ to draw conclusions about ________________. Select one: a. z scores; normal distributions b. samples; populations c. populations; samples d. data sets; descriptive statistics

4 Inferential statistics involve the use of _____________ to draw conclusions about ________________. Select one: X a. z scores; normal distributions *b. samples; populations* X c. populations; samples X d. data sets; descriptive statistics

4 Rather than using a single score as an estimate of the population mean we may choose to identify a range of values that likely contains the mean value. What is this type of estimation called? Select one: a. Mean range estimate b. Point estimation c. Interval estimation d. Probability estimation

4 Rather than using a single score as an estimate of the population mean we may choose to identify a range of values that likely contains the mean value. What is this type of estimation called? Select one: X a. Mean range estimate X b. Point estimation *c. Interval estimation* X d. Probability estimation

4 ______________ occurs when no new information relevant to the grounded theory is emerging from the data and the grounded theory has been sufficiently validated. Select one: a. Theoretical dispersion b. Conjectural dissemination c. Hypothetical saturation d. Theoretical saturation

4 ______________ occurs when no new information relevant to the grounded theory is emerging from the data and the grounded theory has been sufficiently validated. Select one: X a. Theoretical dispersion X b. Conjectural dissemination X c. Hypothetical saturation *d. Theoretical saturation*

40 A person who has an unusually excellent memory is studied for a better understanding of this interesting case. The self-reports of how this mnemonist remembers constitute Select one: a. collective case studies. b. a phenomenological study. c. a longitudinal study. d. an intrinsic case study.

40 A person who has an unusually excellent memory is studied for a better understanding of this interesting case. The self-reports of how this mnemonist remembers constitute Select one: X a. collective case studies. X b. a phenomenological study. X c. a longitudinal study. *d. an intrinsic case study.*

40 A result that is statistically significant might not have _________ significance. That is, it might not be important in a real world context. Select one: a. sensible b. empirical c. practical d. pragmatic

40 A result that is statistically significant might not have _________ significance. That is, it might not be important in a real world context. Select one: a. sensible X b. empirical *c. practical* X d. pragmatic

41 In psychological experiments, the generally accepted rule is that the difference between groups is statistically significant if it would have happened by chance only of the time at most. Select one: a. 5 percent b. 25 percent c. 0 percent d. 50 percent

41 In psychological experiments, the generally accepted rule is that the difference between groups is statistically significant if it would have happened by chance only of the time at most. Select one: *a. 5 percent* b. 25 percent c. 0 percent X d. 50 percent

41 Mixed methods design scheme is based on two dimensions; ____________ in which one of the two dimensions used are concurrent and sequential, and ____________ in which one of the two dimensions used are equal status and dominant status. Select one: a. paradigm emphasis; time order b. time order; paradigm emphasis c. time order; hypothesis emphasis

41 Mixed methods design scheme is based on two dimensions; ____________ in which one of the two dimensions used are concurrent and sequential, and ____________ in which one of the two dimensions used are equal status and dominant status. Select one: a. paradigm emphasis; time order *b. time order; paradigm emphasis* X c. time order; hypothesis emphasis

42 Dr. Staines has repeatedly read that multiple personality disorder does not occur in elderly males, yet she is currently working in private practice with an 80-year-old man who fits diagnostic criteria for the disorder. She publishes her notes on her work with this person to show that the prevailing wisdom is not completely correct. She has done a study. Select one: a. longitudinal b. instrumental case c. geriatric d. intrinsic case

42 Dr. Staines has repeatedly read that multiple personality disorder does not occur in elderly males, yet she is currently working in private practice with an 80-year-old man who fits diagnostic criteria for the disorder. She publishes her notes on her work with this person to show that the prevailing wisdom is not completely correct. She has done a study. Select one: X a. longitudinal *b. instrumental case* c. geriatric d. intrinsic case

42 Justine decides to test the effects of playing violent video games on aggressiveness in 10-year old boys. She decides to have all boys play the three different types of video games in a randomized counterbalanced order. The levels of the within-subjects independent variable are violent, exciting but not violent, and neither exciting nor violent. After playing each video game each child takes a test designed to measure their level of aggression. What is the appropriate type of statistical test for Justine to use? Select one: a. two-way mixed model analysis of variance b. two-way analysis of variance c. one-way repeated measures analysis of variance d. one-way analysis of variance

42 Justine decides to test the effects of playing violent video games on aggressiveness in 10-year old boys. She decides to have all boys play the three different types of video games in a randomized counterbalanced order. The levels of the within-subjects independent variable are violent, exciting but not violent, and neither exciting nor violent. After playing each video game each child takes a test designed to measure their level of aggression. What is the appropriate type of statistical test for Justine to use? Select one: a. two-way mixed model analysis of variance b. two-way analysis of variance *c. one-way repeated measures analysis of variance* d. one-way analysis of variance

43 When qualitative researchers focus on external validity they are likely to focus on __________. Select one: a. laboratory generalization b. theoretical generalization c. sample generalization d. naturalistic generalization

43 When qualitative researchers focus on external validity they are likely to focus on __________. Select one: a. laboratory generalization b. theoretical generalization X c. sample generalization *d. naturalistic generalization*

44 Hypothesis testing is a type of inferential statistics. The inference is about Select one: a. characteristics of a sample based on information about the population. b. the amount of variability within groups. c. probabilities of several specific data points. d. characteristics of a population based on sample data.

44 Hypothesis testing is a type of inferential statistics. The inference is about Select one: a. characteristics of a sample based on information about the population. b. the amount of variability within groups. c. probabilities of several specific data points. *d. characteristics of a population based on sample data.*

44 When evaluating internal validity in qualitative research, both _____________ causation, an action by a particular person in a local situation with an observable result, and _____________ causation, the standard view of causation in science, are important. Select one: a. ideographic; nomological b. individual; group c. character; cluster d. unit; collection

44 When evaluating internal validity in qualitative research, both _____________ causation, an action by a particular person in a local situation with an observable result, and _____________ causation, the standard view of causation in science, are important. Select one: *a. ideographic; nomological* X b. individual; group X c. character; cluster X d. unit; collection

45 In terms of report writing, quantitative studies focus on ___________ while qualitative studies focus on _________. Select one: a. subject reality; objective results b. statistical results; descriptive narratives c. statistical results; statistical results d. descriptive narratives; pictures and images

45 In terms of report writing, quantitative studies focus on ___________ while qualitative studies focus on _________. Select one: a. subject reality; objective results *b. statistical results; descriptive narratives* X c. statistical results; statistical results d. descriptive narratives; pictures and images

46 A significant risk inherent in participant observation is Select one: a. the need for deception. b. the introduction of extraneous variables. c. the reactive effect. d. the need for disguise and possible discovery.

46 A significant risk inherent in participant observation is Select one: a. the need for deception. X b. the introduction of extraneous variables. *c. the reactive effect.* X d. the need for disguise and possible discovery.

46 To determine the dose-related effects of amphetamine on maze running, Dr. Symon randomly assigns his rats into four groups. The first group receives no amphetamine, the second group receives 0.5 mg/kg, the third group receives 1.0 mg/kg, and the fourth group receives 2 mg/kg. What initial statistical test should Dr. Symon use to examine the effects of the drug? Select one: a. one-way analysis of variance b. one-way repeated measures analysis of variance c. independent samples t-test d. two-way analysis of variance

46 To determine the dose-related effects of amphetamine on maze running, Dr. Symon randomly assigns his rats into four groups. The first group receives no amphetamine, the second group receives 0.5 mg/kg, the third group receives 1.0 mg/kg, and the fourth group receives 2 mg/kg. What initial statistical test should Dr. Symon use to examine the effects of the drug? Select one: *a. one-way analysis of variance* b. one-way repeated measures analysis of variance c. independent samples t-test d. two-way analysis of variance

47 External validity in qualitative research Select one: a. is determined by strength of the cause and effect relationship between variables. b. is more important than in quantitative research because without generalization the qualitative approach is pointless. c. is less important than in quantitative research because researchers generally are not interested in generalizing their findings. d. is defined completely differently than in quantitative research.

47 External validity in qualitative research Select one: X a. is determined by strength of the cause and effect relationship between variables. b. is more important than in quantitative research because without generalization the qualitative approach is pointless. *c. is less important than in quantitative research because researchers generally are not interested in generalizing their findings.* d. is defined completely differently than in quantitative research.

47 Suppose you perform an experiment that compares the performance of an experimental group and a control group. You find that the mean of the experimental group is higher than the mean of the control group. Does this prove that the treatment enhanced performance? Select one: a. No, because the difference between the group could have occurred by chance, even if it was not very likely (i.e., less than .05) b. No, because you must compare variances, not means c. Yes, because the experimental group did better as a whole than the control group d. Yes, because group averages are the traditional measure to use to compare two groups

47 Suppose you perform an experiment that compares the performance of an experimental group and a control group. You find that the mean of the experimental group is higher than the mean of the control group. Does this prove that the treatment enhanced performance? Select one: *a. No, because the difference between the group could have occurred by chance, even if it was not very likely (i.e., less than .05)* X b. No, because you must compare variances, not means c. Yes, because the experimental group did better as a whole than the control group d. Yes, because group averages are the traditional measure to use to compare two groups

48 You read the following information in the results section of a paper: F(2, 15) = 6.36, p > .05. What can you conclude from this statement? Select one: a. that an analysis of variance test was used b. that the result was significant c. that there were 15 participants in the study d. that the researchers should conduct a post-hoc test

48 You read the following information in the results section of a paper: F(2, 15) = 6.36, p > .05. What can you conclude from this statement? Select one: *a. that an analysis of variance test was used* X b. that the result was significant c. that there were 15 participants in the study d. that the researchers should conduct a post-hoc test

49 Which of the following is true about grounded theory? Select one: a. it uses empirical data to develop theory b. it focuses on theory testing c. it uses the process of logic of justification d. it relies on a deductive approach to knowledge acquisition

49 Which of the following is true about grounded theory? Select one: *a. it uses empirical data to develop theory* X b. it focuses on theory testing X c. it uses the process of logic of justification X d. it relies on a deductive approach to knowledge acquisition

5 Jessica hypothesizes that her manipulation of temperature in an auditorium will increase the number of students who doze off in a lecture. She is interested in a hypothesis. Select one: a. two tailed b. directional research c. uniform d. preconceived

5 Jessica hypothesizes that her manipulation of temperature in an auditorium will increase the number of students who doze off in a lecture. She is interested in a hypothesis. Select one: X a. two tailed *b. directional research* X c. uniform X d. preconceived

5 The research approach that utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methods is referred to as Select one: a. mixed methods research. b. interactive methods research. c. quality methods research. d. combination methods research.

5 The research approach that utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methods is referred to as Select one: *a. mixed methods research.* X b. interactive methods research. X c. quality methods research. X d. combination methods research.

5 To display the relationship between two quantitative variables, one should use Select one: a. z scores. b. a scatterplot. c. a bar graph. d. a histogram.

5 To display the relationship between two quantitative variables, one should use Select one: X a. z scores. *b. a scatterplot.* X c. a bar graph. X d. a histogram.

50 Dr. Beckworth is interested in the effects of tutoring on success in calculus. She also knows that gender is an important issue in math success, so she factors that in as a second independent variable. She randomly assigns males and females to tutoring and no tutoring groups. She studies calculus success in the following four groups of participants: males who have received tutoring, females who have received tutoring, males who have not received tutoring, and females who have not received tutoring. What statistical test should she use to examine her results? Select one: a. t test for correlation coefficient b. two-way analysis of variance c. independent samples t test d. one-way analysis of variance

50 Dr. Beckworth is interested in the effects of tutoring on success in calculus. She also knows that gender is an important issue in math success, so she factors that in as a second independent variable. She randomly assigns males and females to tutoring and no tutoring groups. She studies calculus success in the following four groups of participants: males who have received tutoring, females who have received tutoring, males who have not received tutoring, and females who have not received tutoring. What statistical test should she use to examine her results? Select one: X a. t test for correlation coefficient *b. two-way analysis of variance* c. independent samples t test X d. one-way analysis of variance

51 Changing the alpha level from .05 to .01 would Select one: a. increase the risk of a type I error and decrease the risk of a type II error. b. decrease the risk of a type I error and increase the risk of a type II error. c. decrease the risk of a type I and a type II error. d. increase the risk of a type I and a type II error.

51 Changing the alpha level from .05 to .01 would Select one: X a. increase the risk of a type I error and decrease the risk of a type II error. *b. decrease the risk of a type I error and increase the risk of a type II error.* c. decrease the risk of a type I and a type II error. X d. increase the risk of a type I and a type II error.

53 Other factors remaining constant, what happens as you move from a 95% level of confidence to a 99% level of confidence? Select one: a. None of the above b. The 99% interval is wider c. The 99% interval contains fewer values d. The 99% interval is more narrow

53 Other factors remaining constant, what happens as you move from a 95% level of confidence to a 99% level of confidence? Select one: a. None of the above *b. The 99% interval is wider* X c. The 99% interval contains fewer values X d. The 99% interval is more narrow

55 Stan is conducting a class research project in which he randomly assigns participants to two groups: one group of participants remains sober during the study and the other group of participants consumes 2 ounces of 75 proof alcohol. The dependent or outcome variable is manual dexterity. What statistical test should Stan use to determine whether the two groups differ in manual dexterity after the manipulation? Select one: a. chi square b. correlated t test c. two-way analysis of variance d. independent samples t test

6 SPSS is Select one: a. used for descriptive statistics but not inferential statistics. b. measure of effect size. c. a statistical software package commonly used by psychologists. d. a method of randomly selecting participants from a population.

6 SPSS is Select one: *a. used for descriptive statistics but not inferential statistics.* X b. measure of effect size. X c. a statistical software package commonly used by psychologists. X d. a method of randomly selecting participants from a population.

6 The p value associated with a F ratio in the analysis of variance tells us whether there is a significant difference in performance across all of our groups of participants; however, if there are 3 or more groups it does NOT tell us Select one: a. whether that difference between any two of the means is statistically significant. b. Both A and B are correct c. which specific group(s) performed significantly better or worse. d. Neither A nor B is correct.

6 The p value associated with a F ratio in the analysis of variance tells us whether there is a significant difference in performance across all of our groups of participants; however, if there are 3 or more groups it does NOT tell us Select one: X a. whether that difference between any two of the means is statistically significant. X b. Both A and B are correct *c. which specific group(s) performed significantly better or worse.* d. Neither A nor B is correct.

6 Which of the following is NOT a method for reducing researcher bias in qualitative research? Select one: a. seeking disconfirming evidence of prior expectations b. reactivity c. reflexivity d. negative-case sampling

6 Which of the following is NOT a method for reducing researcher bias in qualitative research? Select one: X a. seeking disconfirming evidence of prior expectations *b. reactivity* X c. reflexivity X d. negative-case sampling

7 If we were interested in predicting grade point average from the number of hours students spend on the internet what should we place on the vertical axis? Select one: a. students b. grade point average c. number of hours on the internet d. either variable

7 If we were interested in predicting grade point average from the number of hours students spend on the internet what should we place on the vertical axis? Select one: X a. students *b. grade point average* X c. number of hours on the internet X d. either variable

7 In statistical testing, the significance level is a statement of Select one: a. the difference between statistical and therapeutic significance of results. b. the degree of difference between group standard deviations. c. the probability (e.g., .05) at which the researcher would consider a sample result to be rare enough to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis . d. the degree of difference between group means.

7 In statistical testing, the significance level is a statement of Select one: X a. the difference between statistical and therapeutic significance of results. X b. the degree of difference between group standard deviations. *c. the probability (e.g., .05) at which the researcher would consider a sample result to be rare enough to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis* X d. the degree of difference between group means.

7 The method of establishing internal validity that focuses on the researcher carefully thinking about the cause and effect before drawing a conclusion is called Select one: a. researcher as psychic. b. rationalism. c. empiricism. d. researcher as detective.

7 The method of establishing internal validity that focuses on the researcher carefully thinking about the cause and effect before drawing a conclusion is called Select one: X a. researcher as psychic. X b. rationalism. X c. empiricism. *d. researcher as detective.*

8 A sample consists of n = 25 scores. How many of the scores are used to calculate the range? Select one: a. 2 b. 0 c. 5 d. 25

8 A sample consists of n = 25 scores. How many of the scores are used to calculate the range? Select one: *a. 2* X b. 0 c. 5 d. 25

8 If the empirical results of your independent samples t test allow you to reject the null hypothesis, this means that Select one: a. you were testing the wrong null hypothesis. b. one group performed significantly differently than the other group. c. the independent variable had no effect. d. you have no basis to conclude that your experimental treatment was effective.

8 If the empirical results of your independent samples t test allow you to reject the null hypothesis, this means that Select one: X a. you were testing the wrong null hypothesis. *b. one group performed significantly differently than the other group.* X c. the independent variable had no effect. X d. you have no basis to conclude that your experimental treatment was effective.

8 ______________ is the position that quantitative and qualitative research methods and philosophies can be combined. Select one: a. Compatibility idea b. Compatibility thesis c. Similarity hypothesis d. Comparison thesis

8 ______________ is the position that quantitative and qualitative research methods and philosophies can be combined. Select one: X a. Compatibility idea *b. Compatibility thesis* X c. Similarity hypothesis X d. Comparison thesis

9 A weakness of the mixed methods approach is that Select one: a. it is an old methodology with few people using it. b. divergent aspects of a phenomenon cannot be studied. c. it can be difficult to connect theory to practice. d. because expertise is needed to two areas it can be difficult to find people qualified to perform both types research.

9 A weakness of the mixed methods approach is that Select one: X a. it is an old methodology with few people using it. X b. divergent aspects of a phenomenon cannot be studied. X c. it can be difficult to connect theory to practice. *d. because expertise is needed to two areas it can be difficult to find people qualified to perform both types research.*

9 What is the mode for the following sample of n = 8 scores? Scores: 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 Select one: a. 12 b. 2.5 c. 2 d. 12/8 = 1.50

9 What is the mode for the following sample of n = 8 scores? Scores: 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 Select one: X a. 12 b. 2.5 *c. 2* d. 12/8 = 1.50

9 Which of the following significance tests would be used to test the significance of a regression coefficient? Select one: a. ANCOVA b. Chi Square c. t test

9 Which of the following significance tests would be used to test the significance of a regression coefficient? Select one: X a. ANCOVA X b. Chi Square *c. t test*

X 28 When the null hypothesis is rejected, this provides support for Select one: a. your theory. b. the idea that the independent variable did not have an effect. c. the alternative hypothesis.

X 28 When the null hypothesis is rejected, this provides support for Select one: a. your theory. b. the idea that the independent variable did not have an effect. *c. the alternative hypothesis.*

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