Ch 13

In the dual systems approach to thinking System I is ____ and System 2 is _____ Used in complex situations; used in daily occurrences Automatic; deliberative Deliberative; automatic Thoughtful; intuitive

Automatic; deliberative

What is NOT a factor contributing to how strong an inductive arguments will be? What is NOT a factor contributing to how strong an inductive arguments will be? Quality of evidence Representativeness of observations Categorical syllogisms Number of observations

Categorical syllogisms

When using inductive reasoning, Conclusions must be true Conclusions will likely be 70-80% true to be valid Conclusions are probably false Conclusions we reach are probably, but not definitely true

Conclusions we reach are probably, but not definitely true

Expected emotions impact whether we engage in Expected emotions impact whether we engage in Law of large numbers Risk aversion Conjunction rule Incidental emotions

Risk aversion

Consider the following argument:Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning.Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. Consider the following argument:Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning.Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the representativeness heuristic. availability heuristic. falsification principle. belief bias.

availability heuristic.

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the ________. availability heuristic confirmatory bias belief bias mental set

belief bias

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. deductive intuitive falsification inductive

deductive

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of expected emotion. immediate emotion. integral immediate emotion. incidental immediate emotion.

expected emotion

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an expected emotion. immediate emotion. integral immediate emotion. incidental immediate emotion.

expected emotion.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), performance is better for the concrete task. performance is better for the abstract task. performance is the same for both tasks. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

performance is better for the concrete task.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), performance is better for the concrete task. performance is better for the abstract task. performance is the same for both tasks. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

performance is better for the concrete task.

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the ________ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the ________ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome. basal ganglia; corpus callosum striate nucleus; locus coeruleus prefrontal cortex; insula diencephalon; putamen

prefrontal cortex; insula

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's innate language abilities. ability to work well with a group of others. innate reasoning abilities. tendency to detect when others are cheating.

tendency to detect when others are cheating.

The conjunction rule states that the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. the probability of two events co-occurring is less likely than the probability of either event occurring alone. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively.

the probability of two events co-occurring is less likely than the probability of either event occurring alone.