Ch 13. Neural Tissue - Systemic WS

A communicating junction acts to facilitate ________. the passage of neurotransmitters between cells growth of Schwann cells a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane the passage of ions between the cells all of the above

...the passage of ions between the cells

Glial cells are roughly ________ times the number of neurons. 2 10 7 15 5

10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? 1. neurotransmitter release/diffusion 2. generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane 3. arrival of nerve impulse at terminal bouton in the presynaptic cell 4. removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors 5. binding of neurotransmitter to receptors 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 1, 5, 4, 2, 3

3, 1, 5, 2, 4

All somatic neuromuscular synapses utilize ________. epinephrine serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine dopamine

acetylcholine

Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is ________. norepinephrine epinephrine glutamate acetylcholine GABA

acetylcholine

The neuromuscular synapse is a vesicular synapse that releases the neurotransmitter ________. norepinephrine dopamine acetylcholine epinephrine serotonin

acetylcholine

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ________. carry nerve impulses act as phagocytes process information in the nervous system transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord all of the above

act as phagocytes

The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the ________. soma Nissl body axon dendrite myelin

axon

The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the ________. neurofibril Nissl body axoplasm initial segment axon hillock

axon hillock

Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ________. axonal transport axoplasmic transport osmosis diffusion neuroskeletal contraction

axoplasmic transport

To transmit a nerve impulse in vesicular synapses, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ________ and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. synaptic cleft presynaptic membrane axolemma secretory vesicles sarcolemma

synaptic cleft

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the ________. brain only spinal cord only nerves only brain and spinal cord nerves and muscles

brain and spinal cord

The cell body usually has several branching ________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment. soma dendrites astrocytes axons satellite cells

dendrites

When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distributed to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________. parallel processing divergence convergence serial processing reverberation

divergence

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________. astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal cells Schwann cells satellite cells

ependymal cells

Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? astrocytes ependymal cells microglia oligodendrocytes satellite cells

ependymal cells

Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________. the number of neurons present the diameter of the axons anatomy rather than on functional grounds the location of the neurons function rather than on anatomical grounds

function rather than on anatomical grounds

In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ________. white matter nuclei ganglia columns tracts

ganglia

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________. nuclei peripheral centers roots ganglia all of the above

ganglia

If an axon ________, the impulse will be conducted ________. has a smaller diameter; less slowly has more myelination; more slowly has a larger diameter; more rapidly is longer in length; more rapidly is shorter in length; less rapidly

has a larger diameter; more rapidly

Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, it ________. is rendered incapable of dividing cannot grow as quickly as neurons loses its normal ability to produce a myelin sheath is probably located in the PNS all of the above

is rendered incapable of dividing

A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called ________. reverberation reverberation parallel processing divergence serial processing convergence

serial processing

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system? near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS near the axon of a neuron in the CNS near the lining of the ventricles of the brain at a neuromuscular synapse none of the above

near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS

The nervous system includes all of the ________ tissue in the body. muscle skeletal connective neural epithelial

neural

The surface of the brain is called the ________. higher center neural cortex neuronal nuclei white matter basal nuclei

neural cortex

Which of the following is gray matter? neural cortex columns tracts glandular receptors nerves

neural cortex

Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon. neurofibrils collaterals telodendria terminal arborizations Nissl bodies

neurofibrils

The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the ________. astrocytes neuroglia Schwann cells neurons all of the above

neurons

At a vesicular synapse, the neurons communicate via ________. neurotransmitters communicating junctions terminal arborizations nodes internodes

neurotransmitters

Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called ________. internodes nodes gray matter white matter all of the above

nodes

The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse. chemical nonvesicular neuromuscular vesicular neuroendocrine

nonvesicular

Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called ________. spinal nerves nuclei cranial nerves columns reverberating neurons

nuclei

When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon. temperature sensation glandular activity neural regeneration Wallerian degeneration permeability

permeability

Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________ fibers. postganglionic ganglionic preganglionic efferent afferent

postganglionic

The functional classifications of neurons include ________, which carry information toward the CNS. sensory neurons interneurons motor neurons axoplasmic neurons all of the above

sensory neurons

Microglia are (the) ________. most numerous neuroglial cell smallest neuroglial cell not a neuroglial cell least numerous neuroglial cell none of the above

smallest neuroglial cell

Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? mitochondria free and fixed ribosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum all of the above

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Receptors may be classified as ________. effectors and muscles somatic and visceral glands and muscles voluntary and involuntary subconscious and conscious

somatic and visceral

Neurotransmitters are ________. produced on command stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane never recycled released only at electrical synapses produced by astrocytes

stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon ________. the size of the dendrites the number of axons the number of processes that project from the cell body the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes the overall size of the cell

the number of processes that project from the cell body

Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ________ fibers. sensoriganglionic preganglionic somatic motor fibers visceral motor fibers all of the above

visceral motor fibers

Areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as ________. arachnoid mater gray matter dura mater white matter pia mater

white matter

________ is the ability of a plasmalemma to respond to an adequate stimulus. Excitability Threshold stimulus Wallerian degeneration Membrane potential Propagation

Excitability

The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following? Excitatory or inhibitory responses result. Neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell. The neurotransmitter floats around in the synaptic cleft. Upon stimulation, the membrane releases more neurotransmitter molecules. none of the above

Excitatory or inhibitory responses result.

________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. Interoceptors Proprioceptors Exteroceptors Visceral sensory neurons Nissl bodies

Proprioceptors

During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron continues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the ________ wrap around it along its original path. oligodendrocytes satellite cells astrocytes macrophages Schwann cells

Schwann cells

Action potentials result from ________. the closing of ion channels a change in the membrane potential of axons the opening of calcium gates neurons transporting neurotransmitters all of the above

a change in the membrane potential of axons

Nonvesicular synapses are unique because they have ________. two interacting neurons neurotransmitter release only a postsynaptic membrane a communicating junction receptor proteins

a communicating junction

A neuronal pool is ________. a group of identical nerve cells a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerve a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses

a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions

Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities integrating and processing data all of the above

all of the above

Interneurons ________. are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons outnumber all other neurons combined all of the above

all of the above

Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ________. motor pathways descending pathways efferent pathways all of the above none of the above

all of the above

Types of synapses include which of the following? axoaxonic axodendritic axosomatic neuroeffector synapses all of the above

all of the above

To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system? anywhere in the CNS near or at a neuron cell body alongside an unmyelinated axon in the CNS along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not none of the above

along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not

If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells? microglia Schwann cells satellite cells astrocytes ependymal cells

astrocytes

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the ________. somatic nervous system parasympathetic division sympathetic division central nervous system autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? neuromuscular synapse neuroglandular synapse neuroneural synapse neuroaxonic synapses both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ________. central and peripheral nervous systems dorsal and ventral nervous systems appendicular and axial nervous systems autonomic and somatic nervous systems

central and peripheral nervous systems

In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ________. the presence of a neuromuscular synapse between the cells communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells the activity of Schwann cells the number of neurons in the chain the effects of an energy drink

communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells

Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________. receptors reflexes effectors axons dendrites

effectors

The ________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands. efferent sensory parallel afferent serial

efferent

Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS. electrical synapses neuromuscular synapses chemical synapses neuroendocrine synapses all of the above

electrical synapses

The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs. skeletal lymphatic endocrine immune circulatory

endocrine

The process of reverberation involves ________. a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons several neuronal pools processing information at one time all of the above

extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? visceral sensory neurons bipolar neurons interoceptors proprioceptors exteroceptors

exteroceptors

When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ________. it will stimulate astrocytes to release chemicals it will regenerate the threshold stimulus at the originating location on the same axon Schwann cells in the area begin to divide and form a solid cellular cord it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton it will propagate faster along the smaller unmyelinated fibers

it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________. its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted the neurons are of different types the levels of microglia are too low there are too many astrocytes present the neurotransmitter is inhibitory

its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ________. the axon proximal to the injury deteriorate macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons Schwann cells completely degenerate no trace is left of the path of the original axon that was damaged all of the above

macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons

An inhibitory response ________. makes an action potential more likely makes an action potential less likely directly causes an action potential causes ACh release none of the above

makes an action potential less likely

A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of ________. ependymal cells oligodendrocytes satellite cells microglia interneurons

microglia

Which of the following selections lists only types of glial cells? astrocytes and parenchymal cells apocrine and exocrine cells merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells none of the above

microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells

Myelin is (a) ________. cell body in the peripheral nervous system mostly lipid special cell that forms scar tissue after injury special area of the brain none of the above

mostly lipid

Oligodendrocytes ________. remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons

Functions of the peripheral nervous system include ________. providing sensory information to the CNS only making higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems only carrying information up and down the spinal cord providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems

providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems

Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________. the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost all of the above none of the above

the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes

The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon ________. properties of the soma of the neuron the presence or absence of a myelin sheath the number of cell dendrites the type of neurotransmitter present all of the above

the presence or absence of a myelin sheath

In the case of somatic neuromuscular neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the terminal bouton immediately triggers ________. a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic plasmalemma the release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane the generation of an action potential in the axon long-lived effects at the synaptic membrane an action potential

the release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane

Collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called ________. nerves centers tracts ganglia nuclei

tracts