Ch 13. Neural Tissue - Systemic WS
A communicating junction acts to facilitate ________. the passage of neurotransmitters between cells growth of Schwann cells a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane the passage of ions between the cells all of the above
...the passage of ions between the cells
Glial cells are roughly ________ times the number of neurons. 2 10 7 15 5
10
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? 1. neurotransmitter release/diffusion 2. generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane 3. arrival of nerve impulse at terminal bouton in the presynaptic cell 4. removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors 5. binding of neurotransmitter to receptors 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 1, 5, 4, 2, 3
3, 1, 5, 2, 4
All somatic neuromuscular synapses utilize ________. epinephrine serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine dopamine
acetylcholine
Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is ________. norepinephrine epinephrine glutamate acetylcholine GABA
acetylcholine
The neuromuscular synapse is a vesicular synapse that releases the neurotransmitter ________. norepinephrine dopamine acetylcholine epinephrine serotonin
acetylcholine
Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ________. carry nerve impulses act as phagocytes process information in the nervous system transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord all of the above
act as phagocytes
The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the ________. soma Nissl body axon dendrite myelin
axon
The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the ________. neurofibril Nissl body axoplasm initial segment axon hillock
axon hillock
Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ________. axonal transport axoplasmic transport osmosis diffusion neuroskeletal contraction
axoplasmic transport
To transmit a nerve impulse in vesicular synapses, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ________ and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. synaptic cleft presynaptic membrane axolemma secretory vesicles sarcolemma
synaptic cleft
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the ________. brain only spinal cord only nerves only brain and spinal cord nerves and muscles
brain and spinal cord
The cell body usually has several branching ________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment. soma dendrites astrocytes axons satellite cells
dendrites
When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distributed to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________. parallel processing divergence convergence serial processing reverberation
divergence
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________. astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal cells Schwann cells satellite cells
ependymal cells
Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? astrocytes ependymal cells microglia oligodendrocytes satellite cells
ependymal cells
Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________. the number of neurons present the diameter of the axons anatomy rather than on functional grounds the location of the neurons function rather than on anatomical grounds
function rather than on anatomical grounds
In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ________. white matter nuclei ganglia columns tracts
ganglia
Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________. nuclei peripheral centers roots ganglia all of the above
ganglia
If an axon ________, the impulse will be conducted ________. has a smaller diameter; less slowly has more myelination; more slowly has a larger diameter; more rapidly is longer in length; more rapidly is shorter in length; less rapidly
has a larger diameter; more rapidly
Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, it ________. is rendered incapable of dividing cannot grow as quickly as neurons loses its normal ability to produce a myelin sheath is probably located in the PNS all of the above
is rendered incapable of dividing
A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called ________. reverberation reverberation parallel processing divergence serial processing convergence
serial processing
If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system? near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS near the axon of a neuron in the CNS near the lining of the ventricles of the brain at a neuromuscular synapse none of the above
near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS
The nervous system includes all of the ________ tissue in the body. muscle skeletal connective neural epithelial
neural
The surface of the brain is called the ________. higher center neural cortex neuronal nuclei white matter basal nuclei
neural cortex
Which of the following is gray matter? neural cortex columns tracts glandular receptors nerves
neural cortex
Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon. neurofibrils collaterals telodendria terminal arborizations Nissl bodies
neurofibrils
The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the ________. astrocytes neuroglia Schwann cells neurons all of the above
neurons
At a vesicular synapse, the neurons communicate via ________. neurotransmitters communicating junctions terminal arborizations nodes internodes
neurotransmitters
Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called ________. internodes nodes gray matter white matter all of the above
nodes
The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse. chemical nonvesicular neuromuscular vesicular neuroendocrine
nonvesicular
Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called ________. spinal nerves nuclei cranial nerves columns reverberating neurons
nuclei
When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon. temperature sensation glandular activity neural regeneration Wallerian degeneration permeability
permeability
Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________ fibers. postganglionic ganglionic preganglionic efferent afferent
postganglionic
The functional classifications of neurons include ________, which carry information toward the CNS. sensory neurons interneurons motor neurons axoplasmic neurons all of the above
sensory neurons
Microglia are (the) ________. most numerous neuroglial cell smallest neuroglial cell not a neuroglial cell least numerous neuroglial cell none of the above
smallest neuroglial cell
Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? mitochondria free and fixed ribosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum all of the above
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Receptors may be classified as ________. effectors and muscles somatic and visceral glands and muscles voluntary and involuntary subconscious and conscious
somatic and visceral
Neurotransmitters are ________. produced on command stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane never recycled released only at electrical synapses produced by astrocytes
stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane
The structural classification of a neuron is based upon ________. the size of the dendrites the number of axons the number of processes that project from the cell body the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes the overall size of the cell
the number of processes that project from the cell body
Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ________ fibers. sensoriganglionic preganglionic somatic motor fibers visceral motor fibers all of the above
visceral motor fibers
Areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as ________. arachnoid mater gray matter dura mater white matter pia mater
white matter
________ is the ability of a plasmalemma to respond to an adequate stimulus. Excitability Threshold stimulus Wallerian degeneration Membrane potential Propagation
Excitability
The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following? Excitatory or inhibitory responses result. Neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell. The neurotransmitter floats around in the synaptic cleft. Upon stimulation, the membrane releases more neurotransmitter molecules. none of the above
Excitatory or inhibitory responses result.
________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. Interoceptors Proprioceptors Exteroceptors Visceral sensory neurons Nissl bodies
Proprioceptors
During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron continues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the ________ wrap around it along its original path. oligodendrocytes satellite cells astrocytes macrophages Schwann cells
Schwann cells
Action potentials result from ________. the closing of ion channels a change in the membrane potential of axons the opening of calcium gates neurons transporting neurotransmitters all of the above
a change in the membrane potential of axons
Nonvesicular synapses are unique because they have ________. two interacting neurons neurotransmitter release only a postsynaptic membrane a communicating junction receptor proteins
a communicating junction
A neuronal pool is ________. a group of identical nerve cells a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerve a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses
a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions
Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities integrating and processing data all of the above
all of the above
Interneurons ________. are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons outnumber all other neurons combined all of the above
all of the above
Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ________. motor pathways descending pathways efferent pathways all of the above none of the above
all of the above
Types of synapses include which of the following? axoaxonic axodendritic axosomatic neuroeffector synapses all of the above
all of the above
To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system? anywhere in the CNS near or at a neuron cell body alongside an unmyelinated axon in the CNS along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not none of the above
along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not
If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells? microglia Schwann cells satellite cells astrocytes ependymal cells
astrocytes
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the ________. somatic nervous system parasympathetic division sympathetic division central nervous system autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? neuromuscular synapse neuroglandular synapse neuroneural synapse neuroaxonic synapses both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse
both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse
The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ________. central and peripheral nervous systems dorsal and ventral nervous systems appendicular and axial nervous systems autonomic and somatic nervous systems
central and peripheral nervous systems
In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ________. the presence of a neuromuscular synapse between the cells communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells the activity of Schwann cells the number of neurons in the chain the effects of an energy drink
communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells
Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________. receptors reflexes effectors axons dendrites
effectors
The ________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands. efferent sensory parallel afferent serial
efferent
Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS. electrical synapses neuromuscular synapses chemical synapses neuroendocrine synapses all of the above
electrical synapses
The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs. skeletal lymphatic endocrine immune circulatory
endocrine
The process of reverberation involves ________. a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons several neuronal pools processing information at one time all of the above
extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons
Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? visceral sensory neurons bipolar neurons interoceptors proprioceptors exteroceptors
exteroceptors
When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ________. it will stimulate astrocytes to release chemicals it will regenerate the threshold stimulus at the originating location on the same axon Schwann cells in the area begin to divide and form a solid cellular cord it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton it will propagate faster along the smaller unmyelinated fibers
it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton
A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________. its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted the neurons are of different types the levels of microglia are too low there are too many astrocytes present the neurotransmitter is inhibitory
its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted
In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ________. the axon proximal to the injury deteriorate macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons Schwann cells completely degenerate no trace is left of the path of the original axon that was damaged all of the above
macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons
An inhibitory response ________. makes an action potential more likely makes an action potential less likely directly causes an action potential causes ACh release none of the above
makes an action potential less likely
A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of ________. ependymal cells oligodendrocytes satellite cells microglia interneurons
microglia
Which of the following selections lists only types of glial cells? astrocytes and parenchymal cells apocrine and exocrine cells merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells none of the above
microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells
Myelin is (a) ________. cell body in the peripheral nervous system mostly lipid special cell that forms scar tissue after injury special area of the brain none of the above
mostly lipid
Oligodendrocytes ________. remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons
Functions of the peripheral nervous system include ________. providing sensory information to the CNS only making higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems only carrying information up and down the spinal cord providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems
providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems
Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________. the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost all of the above none of the above
the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes
The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon ________. properties of the soma of the neuron the presence or absence of a myelin sheath the number of cell dendrites the type of neurotransmitter present all of the above
the presence or absence of a myelin sheath
In the case of somatic neuromuscular neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the terminal bouton immediately triggers ________. a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic plasmalemma the release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane the generation of an action potential in the axon long-lived effects at the synaptic membrane an action potential
the release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane
Collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called ________. nerves centers tracts ganglia nuclei
tracts