Anatomy and Physiology 102 Final Exam
what happens to the fluid that exits the capillaries?
9/10 of the fluid re-enters
Continuous conduction of the action potential A) occurs primarily in unmyelinated axons. B) is a function of the nodes of Ranvier. C) occurs in myelinated axons. D) is quicker than saltatory conduction. E) Both "occurs in myelinated axons" and "is a function of the nodes of Ranvier" are correct.
A
In the cochlea, the space that extends from the oval window to the apex of the cochlear spiral is the ________. A) scala vestibuli B) cochlear duct C) spiral lamina D) tectorial membrane E) scala tympani
A
Sophia is taking her Anatomy and Physiology test. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types? A) Beta waves B) Gamma waves C) Alpha waves D) Delta waves E) Theta waves
A
Gaps between segments of oligodendrocytes or between individual Schwann cells are called ________. A) microglia B) nodes of Ranvier C) ependymal cells D) ganglia E) nerve tracts
B
Joanna has been experiencing diffuse pain in her upper right shoulder and right upper abdomen. The pain is most likely the result of A) acid reflux. B) referred pain from the liver and gallbladder. C) a urinary tract infection. D) referred pain from the heart. E) referred pain from the appendix.
B
Reception and evaluation of most sensory information, such as touch, balance, and taste, are all associated with A) the cerebellum. B) the parietal lobes of cerebral cortex. C) the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. D) the temporal lobes. E) the frontal lobes of cerebral cortex.
B
The coccygeal plexus A) supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the lower leg and ankle. B) supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx. C) supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor. D) supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx. E) All of the choices are correct.
B
The type of memory that is retained for a few seconds or minutes and is limited by the number of pieces of information is called ________ memory. A) declarative B) working C) implicit D) procedural E) explicit
B
To focus on objects closer than 20 feet away, A) the suspensory ligaments must increase tension on the lens. B) the ciliary muscles must contract. C) the lens must become flatter. D) the cornea must move inward. E) All of the choices are correct.
B
which has greater osmotic pressure: blood or interstitial fluid?
BLOOD
what are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
A person decides to jump over a chair, plans how to do it, and then actually jumps over the chair. This sequence involved the following areas of the brain in which order? 1) prefrontal area 2) premotor area 3) primary motor area A) 3, 1, 2 B) 2, 1, 3 C) 1, 2, 3 D) 1, 3, 2 E) 2, 3, 1
C
The hair cells and tectorial membrane are found in the: A) semicircular canals B) saccule and utricle C) cochlea D) tympanum
C
The middle layer of the eye that, consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris is the ________. A) conjunctiva B) crystalline lens C) vascular tunic D) fibrous tunic E) nervous tunic
C
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of A) the brain. B) the white matter and the ganglia. C) all the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. D) the white and grey matter and the spinal cord. E) the spinal cord.
C
The sensory retina A) contains pigment. B) is the outer portion of the retina. C) contains rod and cone cells. D) keeps light from being reflected back into the eye. E) All of the choices are correct.
C
Which of the following accurately describes a sensation? A) A receptor is inhibited by the application of a pain relief cream. B) A child recognizes the taste of her favorite fruit juice. C) An action potential is generated when touch receptors are stimulated. D) A person describes the color of a shirt that is on display. E) None of the choices are correct.
C
________ respond to fine, discriminative touch and are found just deep to the epidermis. A) Ruffini corpuscles B) Free nerve endings C) Meissner corpuscles D) Merkel disks E) Pacinian corpuscles
C
A group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem that play a role in arousing and maintaining consciousness are collectively called the ________. A) colliculi B) pons C) pyramids D) reticular formation E) midbrain
D
Dorsal roots of the spinal cord A) contain neurons that carry action potentials away from the spinal cord. B) have efferent nerve processes. C) unite with other dorsal roots to form spinal nerves. D) have dorsal root ganglia. E) All of the choices are correct.
D
In the image shown, the letter B indicates the ________. A) choroid B) sclera C) retina D) lens E) cornea
D
The choroid of the eye A) appears white in color. B) is part of the fibrous tunic. C) is part of the nervous tunic. D) consists of a vascular network and large numbers of melanin-containing cells. E) anteriorly, is continuous with the sclera.
D
True or False? As one ages, the eye lens becomes more flexible.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: the ascending aorta is an elastic aorta
TRUE
what do tonsils do?
Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials
what is lymph?
a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.
what do precapillary sphincters do?
adjust local blood flow
what do internal carotids contain?
baroreceptors
what is the location of gas and nutrient exchange?
capillaries
what is the myocardium?
cardiac muscle
where are lipids absorbed?
into the digestive tract
what do lymph nodes filter?
lymph
where do lipids pass through FIRST?
lymphatic vessels
what are parts of innate immunity?
tears, skin, and mucous membranes
what does memory in the adaptive system mean?
that cells recognize a particular substance
Special senses arise from receptors located A) primarily in the head. B) throughout the integumentary system. C) in internal organs. D) only in the central nervous system. E) in the fingertips.
A
The auditory ossicles A) include the malleus, incus, and stapes. B) transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the round window. C) decrease the vibrations from the tympanic membrane. D) are located in the inner ear. E) All of the choices are correct.
A
If a person whose corpus callosum has been severed is asked to find an object with his left hand, without looking, A) he probably could find it and say what it is. B) he probably could find it, but could not say what it is. C) he probably could not find it.
B
In a ________ neural pathway, two or more neurons synapse with the same neuron. A) motor B) converging C) diverging D) sensory E) autonomic
B
In the image shown, the letter B indicates the A) semicircular canals. B) cochlea. C) auditory ossicles. D) external auditory canal. E) tympanic membrane.
B
The ________ is the efferent subdivision that transmits impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands through thoracic spinal nerves. A) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system B) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system C) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system D) central nervous system E) somatic nervous system
B
The cerebellum A) has no gyri or sulci. B) is involved in balance, maintenance of muscle tone, and coordination of fine motor movement. C) is stimulated by alcohol. D) acts as an agonist as one of its major functions. E) Both "acts as an agonist as one of its major functions" and "is involved in balance, maintenance of muscle tone, and coordination of fine motor movement" are correct.
B
What is the tube between the pinna and the tympanic membrane called? A) auditory ossicles. B) external auditory canal. C) tympanic membrane. D) cochlea. E) semicircular canals.
B
________ is characterized by a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences. A) Vision B) Pain C) Temperature D) Proprioception E) Touch
B
what does increased cellular activity cause?
increased blood flow to increase oxygen
The posterior (dorsal) horns of the spinal cord contain A) sensory neurons. B) white matter. C) nerve tracts. D) motor neurons. E) sympathetic autonomic neurons.
A
what is the normal BP of a resting young adult? what column of mercury can it raise?
120/80 is resting BP; it can lift a column of mercury 80 mm
The fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head is the ________. A) auricle B) middle ear C) external auditory canal D) ceruminous gland E) tympanic membrane
A
The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the ________. A) vitreous humor B) scleroid humor C) mucoid body D) hyaloid mass E) lacrimal secretion
A
Which of the following brain-wave patterns is observed primarily in deep sleep, infants, and patients with severe brain disorders? A) Delta waves B) Alpha waves C) Gamma waves D) Beta waves E) Theta waves
A
Which of the following would be an expected symptom of damage to the temporal lobe? A) Impaired recognition of sounds B) Loss of movement in the upper limbs C) Vision loss D) Loss of pain perception E) Lack of impulse control
A
White matter of the central nervous system A) is formed by bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths. B) is formed by nerve cell bodies and their dendrites. C) forms the cortex of the brain. D) forms nuclei deep within the brain. E) All of the choices are correct.
A
what is the hepatic portal system?
A system that brings blood from the digestive tract rich in amino acids and glucose to the liver
The ________ is the efferent subdivision that transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. A) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system D) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system E) central nervous system
B
An action potential occurs: A) when the inside of the cell becomes negative compared to the outside. B) if the membrane potential reaches a threshold value. C) when there is repolarization. D) when negative proteins and ions rapidly enter the cell. E) All of the choices are correct.
B
In a neuron, short, branching cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and carry it to the cell body are called ________. A) axons B) axon hillock C) dendrites D) cell bodies E) a myelin sheath
C
Receptors for the general senses are found A) only in the integumentary system. B) only in the skin. C) widely distributed throughout the body. D) in a few clusters. E) throughout the visceral organs.
C
The limbic system: A) receives sensory input from the olfactory nerves. B) influences visceral responses to emotions. C) influences motivation and mood. D) influences long-term declarative memory. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
The nodes of Ranvier : A) increase the conduction velocity of an action potential. B) allow action potentials to develop. C) allow for saltatory conduction of the action potential. D) allow the current to flow easily between the extracellular fluid and the axon. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
The numerous raised folds on the surface of each cerebral hemisphere are called ________. A) fissures B) lobes C) pineal bodies D) sulci E) gyri
E
74) During training for night combat, soldiers are trained to look slightly to one side of objects they detect. This is because A) color vision is better if you look slightly to one side of an object. B) looking directly at an object places the image on the optic disk. C) the fovea has very few rod cells, which are necessary for vision in dim light. D) looking directly at an object places the image on the fovea centralis. E) Both "looking directly at an object places the image on the fovea centralis" and "the fovea has very few rod cells, which are necessary for vision in dim light" are correct.
E
Another name for pain receptors is ________. A) mechanoreceptors B) agonists C) tactile corpuscles D) lamellated corpuscles E) nociceptors
E
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system A) has preganglionic cell bodies located in cranial and sacral areas. B) has both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons that secrete acetylcholine. C) is involved in involuntary activities, such as digestion, urination, and defecation. D) has postganglionic cell bodies in terminal ganglia, located either near or within target organs. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
The thickest and most superficial of the meninges is the ________. A) choroid plexus B) dural sinus C) arachnoid layer D) pia mater E) dura mater
E
what gives rise to the left common carotid?
aortic arch
what 2 things have the highest resistance to blood flow?
arterioles and capillaries
what is the chemoreceptor reflex?
chemoreceptors monitor chemical composition of blood increased sympathetic impulses increase BP to drive gas exchange through the lungs
whats the function of the spleen?
filters blood
What is atherosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries
Retinal A) combines with rhodopsin to produce opsin. B) retains its shape when struck by light. C) synthesis in rod cells requires vitamin A. D) releases energy when opsin attaches. E) All of the choices are correct.
C
what are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, insulin resistance, and diabetes
Every morning Alessandra sits in a quiet room with her eyes closed and allows her brain to rest before the start of her busy workday. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types? A) Delta waves B) Beta waves C) Gamma waves D) Alpha waves E) Theta waves
D
Leak ion channels: A) open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals. B) open in response to changes in the membrane potential. C) are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons. D) are always open. E) are closed until opened by specific signals.
D
Saundra had a stroke and has loss the ability to move her right arm. Which area of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke? A) The right frontal lobe of the cerebrum B) The left temporal lobe C) The right parietal lobe of the cerebrum D) The left frontal lobe of the cerebrum E) The left parietal lobe of the cerebrum
D
The ________ consists of nerves, receptors, ganglia, and synapses outside the CNS. A) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system D) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system E) central nervous system
D
The ________ consists of the brain and spinal cord. A) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system D) central nervous system E) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D
The firm, opaque, white, outer connective tissue layer of the posterior five-sixths of the eye is the ________. A) choroid B) nervous tunic C) cornea D) sclera E) vascular tunic
D
The right cerebral hemisphere (in most people) A) is the analytical half of the cerebrum. B) contains the language centers. C) has a larger volume and mass than the left cerebral hemisphere. D) controls the activity of, and receives sensory input from, the left side of the body. E) All of the choices are correct.
D
The spiral organ A) has sensory neurons with their cell bodies in the spiral lamina. B) is located in the scala tympani. C) has afferent nerve fibers that form the tectorial nerve. D) contains specialized sensory cells with hairlike projections. E) has hair cells with their tips embedded in the basilar membrane.
D
To understand a word that one hears, action potentials from the ear reach the auditory cortex, travel to the auditory association cortex, and are comprehended as meaningful words by A) primary somatic sensory cortex. B) Broca area (motor speech area). C) prefrontal area. D) Wernicke (sensory speech) area E) aphasic area.
D
When you walk into a dark room, the ________ smooth muscles of the iris ________ the pupil of your eye. A) circular; dilate B) papillary; constrict C) radial; constrict D) radial; dilate E) circular; constrict
D
Which of the following is NOT an example of a special sense? A) Equilibrium B) Vision C) Olfaction D) Proprioception E) Hearing
D
Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary taste sensations? A) Sour B) Sweet C) Bitter D) Spicy E) Salty
D
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The image seen by each eye is called the visual field of that eye. B) Depth perception occurs where the two visual fields of the eyes overlap. C) One common cause of double vision is a misalignment of the eyes due to a weakening of the extrinsic eye muscles. D) Depth perception requires monocular vision.
D
Which type of cell has a single process that functions as an axon and a dendrite? Most sensory neurons fit into this classification. A) Pyramidal cell B) Schwann cell C) Bipolar neuron D) Pseudo-unipolar neuron E) Multipolar neuron
D
Which type of cell has several dendrites and one axon? Most motor neurons fit into this classification. A) Pseudo-unipolar neuron B) Pyramidal cell C) Bipolar neuron D) Multipolar neuron E) Schwann cell
D
Axons from olfactory neurons A) pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. B) enter the olfactory bulbs and synapse with interneurons. C) eventually relay information to the brain through the olfactory tracts. D) form cranial nerve I. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
Axons: A) carry action potentials away from the cell body. B) are often surrounded by a myelin sheath. C) have an axon hillock which is devoid of Nissl bodies. D) may branch to form collateral axons. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
Chemical substances released from the presynaptic terminal: A) are normally broken down by enzymes located in the synapse. B) are called neurotransmitters. C) bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. D) may inhibit or stimulate an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane depending on the receptors. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
Clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS are called ________. A) nerves B) nuclei C) nerve tracts D) nodes of Ranvier E) ganglia
E
Descending tracts A) contain upper motor neurons that modulate the activity of lower motor neurons. B) include the corticospinal tract. C) contain axons of upper motor neurons that cross over to the other side of the spinal cord. D) include the extrapyramidal tracts, which are involved in unconscious control of motor function. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
Following neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated Na+ channels, A) the cell may reach threshold. B) a local potential is generated. C) the Na+ channels open for a brief time, generating a local current. D) the inside of the membrane becomes more positive. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
Light rays: A) striking the retina cause action potentials to be relayed to the brain. B) are refracted as they pass through a convex lens. C) that are converging reach a crossing point called the focal point. D) are refracted by the cornea, lens, and humors. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
Roger Romeo, always the confident and self-assured man-about-campus, is dismayed to find that every time he smells the perfume his first girlfriend wore, he gets tears in his eyes and a lump in his throat. What is the most likely physiological explanation for this involuntary response? A) The temporal lobe evaluates auditory and olfactory input. B) The substantia nigra secretes dopamine, which inhibits his corpus striatum and causes emotional responses (i.e., acting like a "dope"). C) The frontal lobe controls motor activity, which is inhibited by smell. D) The comparator function of the cerebellum compares old and new smells. E) The mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus produce strong reflexive physical and emotional responses to odors and memories.
E
Spinal nerves A) mostly exit between adjacent vertebrae. B) have both autonomic and somatomotor efferent fibers. C) are organized into plexuses, except for T2 to T11. D) contain both afferent and efferent fibers. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
The ability to see many different color variations results from A) the sensitivity of rods to photons of light. B) stimulation of combinations of the three types of rods. C) retinal detachment. D) the different varieties of retinal in each cone type. E) stimulation of combinations of the three types of cones.
E
The enteric nervous system A) stimulates glands to secrete substances into the digestive tract. B) includes sensory neurons, sympathetic and parasympathetic motor neurons, and enteric neurons. C) is capable of monitoring and controlling the digestive tract independent of the CNS. D) consists of the plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
The glial cells that form a myelin sheath around axons are A) the ependymal cells. B) the microglia. C) the oligodendrocytes. D) the Schwann cells. E) Both "the Schwann cells" and "the oligodendrocytes" are correct.
E
The iris A) surrounds an opening called the pupil. B) is stimulated to contract by parasympathetic stimulation. C) controls the diameter of the pupil. D) is the colored portion of the eye. E) All of the choices are correct.
E
The limbic system A) influences emotions, motivation, and mood. B) is functionally associated with the hypothalamus. C) initiates responses necessary for survival, such as hunger and thirst. D) includes the olfactory cortex, portions of the diencephalon, and portions of the cerebrum. E) All of these choices are correct.
E
The spot where a number of blood vessels enter the eye, and where the optic nerve exits the eye, is called the ________. A) fovea centralis. B) optic disk. C) macula. D) blind spot. E) Both "blind spot" and "optic disk" are correct.
E
The type of memory that is involved with the development of motor skills such as riding a bike is called ________ memory. A) short-term B) working C) declarative D) explicit E) procedural
E
The type of memory that is involved with the retaining of facts such as names or dates as well as associated emotional undertones is called ________ memory. A) procedural B) short-term C) working D) implicit E) declarative
E
Voltage-gated ion channels A) are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons. B) are always open. C) open in response to changes in the membrane potential. D) open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals. E) Both ""open in response to changes in the membrane potential"" and ""are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons"" are correct.
E
Which of the following are major functions of the nervous system? A) Maintain homeostasis B) Control muscles and glands C) Integrate information D) Receive sensory input E) All of the choices are correct.
E
Which of the following statements about summation in the nervous system is INCORRECT? A) Summation of signals in neuronal pathways allows integration of multiple subthreshold changes in local potential. B) Both spatial and temporal summation can lead to either inhibition or stimulation, depending upon the signal type. C) A single presynaptic action potential usually does not cause a sufficiently large postsynaptic local potential to cause the postsynaptic cell to reach threshold. D) Spatial summation occurs when local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron. E) Spatial summation also occurs when local potentials overlap in time.
E
Which of these statements about taste is NOT true? A) Each taste bud has about 40 taste cells. B) Many taste sensations are strongly influenced by olfactory sensations. C) Taste buds are oval structures located on the surface of certain papillae on the tongue. D) Taste cells contain hairlike processes called taste hairs. E) A taste bud is able to detect only one taste sensation.
E
________ detect light touch and superficial pressure and are found in the epidermis. A) Meissner corpuscles B) Free nerve endings C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini corpuscles E) Merkel disks
E
where does BP move fluid?
OUT of the capillaries
what two hormones cause vasoconstriction in most tissues but vaosdilation in skeletal and cardiac muscles?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what is chyle?
fatty lymph
what does osmotic pressure do to fluid?
moves fluid into the capillaries
what would the superior mesenteric artery most likely be?
muscular
what do lymphatic vessels do with the lymph they carry?
they carry lymph from the peripheral tissues to the veins