CH 13 Opioids PSYC 3303

Factors that led to an increase in the use of morphine in the 1800's

-The political events surrounding the American Civil War, the Prussian-Austrian War, and the Franco-Prussian War. -The perfection of the hypodermic syringe in 1853 by Dr. Alexander Wood

Raw opium contains about _______.

10 percent morphine by weight and a smaller amount of codeine

In 1973, New York's infamous laws created mandatory minimum prison sentences of ____ years to life for heroin possession.

15

In the late 19th century, in the U.S., they typical opioid user was a _____

30-50 year old white woman

Attributes of heroin

The acetyl groups present in heroin increase the drug's lipid solubility. -Heroin is about three times as potent as morphine. -The pharmacology of morphine and heroin is identical

Heroin available in Vietnam was about 95 percent pure

American soldiers during the Vietnam war were dependent on heroin

Clonidine

An alpha-adrenergic agonist that is used to treat high blood pressure, can diminish the severity of withdrawal symptoms.

Opioid Triad

Depressed respiration, coma, pinpoint pupils

The extraction of opium from the Papaver somniferum plant is that _______

Harvesters make shallow cuts into the unripe seedpods of the plant.

Banging

Injecting the drug intravenously, which usually leaves the arm marked with tissue scars.

Regions that have become major sources of supply for heroin in the U.S. over the past 30 years.

Mexico, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia

Enkephalins

Morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain and adrenals

Endorphins

Morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain and pituitary gland

An act is followed by the removal of withdrawal symptoms, leading to further strengthening of the habit.

Negative reinforcement

The contribution of Paracelsus to the medical use of opium was

One of the early Renaissance supporters of the opium as a panacea and referred to it as the "stone of immortality."

Shortly after AD 1000, Biruni composed a pharmacology book with the first written description of ______

Opioid addiction

_______ is a unique substance extracted from the juice of the plant Papaver somniferum.

Opium

Opium during the Dark Ages

Opium became the primary social drug wherever the Islamic culture moved.

Opioid addiction in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century

Opium smoking, Morphine injection, Oral intake of opium and morphine

A behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus, leading to an increase in the probability of behavior occurring again.

Positive reinforcement

The destruction of about 20,000 opium chests worth $6 million by the Chinese Commissioner Lin

Started the Opium Wars between China and Britain.

China's first law against opium smoking in 1729 mandated that opium shop owners be strangled

Statement about China's law about opium use

True statement about the extraction of opium from the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum plant

The substance from the unripe seedpods of the plant oxidizes to a red-brown color and becomes gummy.

Features of opioid antagonists

They can precipitate an immediate withdrawal syndrome in dependent individuals. They can save a person's life by reversing the depressed respiration resulting from an opioid overdose.

Skin-popping

Using subcutaneous injections to consume the drug

Opioid Antagonist

are drugs that block the action of morphine, heroin, or other opioid agonists.

Beneficial effect of opioid drugs is that they ________

decrease activity in the cough control center in the medulla

Opioids relieve pain by

diminishing a patient's awareness of and response to the aversive stimulus

Avicenna's writings

formed the basis of medical education in Europe as the Renaissance dawned

after the Harrison Act of 1914

in 1915, the Supreme Court decided that possession of smuggled opioids was a crime. The number of oral opioid users began to decline after 1920's

Mexican Brown or Black Tar

is the type of heroin that is brown in color and imported to the U.S. from Mexico

The active ingredient in opium is _____

morphine

It is important to note

most opioid overdoses occur in combination with a sedative such as alcohol

Tolerance of Opioid Drugs

psychological processes can play an important role in the tolerance to opiods

A characteristic of opium is that it ______

relieves pain and suffering magnificently

Changing population of opioid users in the US in the 1960's

the number of regular and irregular users in the large American cities increased.

Accurate statement about chronic opioid use is that ______

there is no scientific evidence that exposure to opioids causes long-term organ damage

Dr. Thomas Sydenham

used an opium extract called laudanum in medical practice.