CH 13 Opioids PSYC 3303
Factors that led to an increase in the use of morphine in the 1800's
-The political events surrounding the American Civil War, the Prussian-Austrian War, and the Franco-Prussian War. -The perfection of the hypodermic syringe in 1853 by Dr. Alexander Wood
Raw opium contains about _______.
10 percent morphine by weight and a smaller amount of codeine
In 1973, New York's infamous laws created mandatory minimum prison sentences of ____ years to life for heroin possession.
15
In the late 19th century, in the U.S., they typical opioid user was a _____
30-50 year old white woman
Attributes of heroin
The acetyl groups present in heroin increase the drug's lipid solubility. -Heroin is about three times as potent as morphine. -The pharmacology of morphine and heroin is identical
Heroin available in Vietnam was about 95 percent pure
American soldiers during the Vietnam war were dependent on heroin
Clonidine
An alpha-adrenergic agonist that is used to treat high blood pressure, can diminish the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
Opioid Triad
Depressed respiration, coma, pinpoint pupils
The extraction of opium from the Papaver somniferum plant is that _______
Harvesters make shallow cuts into the unripe seedpods of the plant.
Banging
Injecting the drug intravenously, which usually leaves the arm marked with tissue scars.
Regions that have become major sources of supply for heroin in the U.S. over the past 30 years.
Mexico, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia
Enkephalins
Morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain and adrenals
Endorphins
Morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain and pituitary gland
An act is followed by the removal of withdrawal symptoms, leading to further strengthening of the habit.
Negative reinforcement
The contribution of Paracelsus to the medical use of opium was
One of the early Renaissance supporters of the opium as a panacea and referred to it as the "stone of immortality."
Shortly after AD 1000, Biruni composed a pharmacology book with the first written description of ______
Opioid addiction
_______ is a unique substance extracted from the juice of the plant Papaver somniferum.
Opium
Opium during the Dark Ages
Opium became the primary social drug wherever the Islamic culture moved.
Opioid addiction in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century
Opium smoking, Morphine injection, Oral intake of opium and morphine
A behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus, leading to an increase in the probability of behavior occurring again.
Positive reinforcement
The destruction of about 20,000 opium chests worth $6 million by the Chinese Commissioner Lin
Started the Opium Wars between China and Britain.
China's first law against opium smoking in 1729 mandated that opium shop owners be strangled
Statement about China's law about opium use
True statement about the extraction of opium from the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum plant
The substance from the unripe seedpods of the plant oxidizes to a red-brown color and becomes gummy.
Features of opioid antagonists
They can precipitate an immediate withdrawal syndrome in dependent individuals. They can save a person's life by reversing the depressed respiration resulting from an opioid overdose.
Skin-popping
Using subcutaneous injections to consume the drug
Opioid Antagonist
are drugs that block the action of morphine, heroin, or other opioid agonists.
Beneficial effect of opioid drugs is that they ________
decrease activity in the cough control center in the medulla
Opioids relieve pain by
diminishing a patient's awareness of and response to the aversive stimulus
Avicenna's writings
formed the basis of medical education in Europe as the Renaissance dawned
after the Harrison Act of 1914
in 1915, the Supreme Court decided that possession of smuggled opioids was a crime. The number of oral opioid users began to decline after 1920's
Mexican Brown or Black Tar
is the type of heroin that is brown in color and imported to the U.S. from Mexico
The active ingredient in opium is _____
morphine
It is important to note
most opioid overdoses occur in combination with a sedative such as alcohol
Tolerance of Opioid Drugs
psychological processes can play an important role in the tolerance to opiods
A characteristic of opium is that it ______
relieves pain and suffering magnificently
Changing population of opioid users in the US in the 1960's
the number of regular and irregular users in the large American cities increased.
Accurate statement about chronic opioid use is that ______
there is no scientific evidence that exposure to opioids causes long-term organ damage
Dr. Thomas Sydenham
used an opium extract called laudanum in medical practice.