Ch. 13 practice questions
19) Areas of a myelinated axon that are NOT covered by myelin are called ________. A) internodes B) nodes C) gray matter D) white matter E) All of the answers are correct.
B) nodes
16) The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse. A) chemical B) nonvesicular C) neuromuscular D) vesicular E) neuroendocrine
B) nonvesicular
55) Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called ________. A) spinal nerves B) nuclei C) cranial nerves D) columns E) reverberating neurons
B) nuclei
13) Microglia are (the) ________. A) most numerous neuroglial cell B) smallest neuroglial cell C) not a neuroglial cell D) least numerous neuroglial cell E) None of the answers are correct.
B) smallest neuroglial cell
5) Receptors may be classified as ________. A) effectors and muscles B) somatic and visceral C) glands and muscles D) voluntary and involuntary E) subconscious and conscious
B) somatic and visceral
45) Neurotransmitters are ________. A) produced on command B) stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane C) never recycled D) released only at electrical synapses E) produced by astrocytes
B) stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane
36) The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon ________. A) properties of the soma of the neuron B) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath C) the number of cell dendrites D) the type of neurotransmitter present E) All of the answers are correct.
B) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath
39) In the case of somatic neuromuscular neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the terminal bouton immediately triggers ________. A) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic plasmalemma B) the release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane C) the generation of an action potential in the axon D) long-lived effects at the synaptic membrane E) an action potential
B) the release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane
56) Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ________. A) motor pathways B) descending pathways C) efferent pathways D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
40) Nonvesicular synapses are unique because they have ________. A) two interacting neurons B) neurotransmitter release C) only a postsynaptic membrane D) a communicating junction E) receptor proteins
D) a communicating junction
15) All somatic neuromuscular synapses utilize ________. A) epinephrine B) serotonin C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine E) dopamine
D) acetylcholine
38) Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is ________. A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) glutamate D) acetylcholine E) GABA
D) acetylcholine
28) Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ________. A) sensoriganglionic fibers B) preganglionic fibers C) somatic motor fibers D) visceral motor fibers E) All of the answers are correct.
D) visceral motor fibers
20) Areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as ________. A) arachnoid mater B) gray matter C) dura mater D) white matter E) pia matter
D) white matter
11) When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon. A) temperature sensation B) glandular activity C) neural regeneration D) Wallerian degeneration E) permeability
E) permeability
6) Oligodendrocytes are the largest and most numerous of the glial cells, having a variety of functions.
false - astrocytes
4) The significant organizational differences between the neural tissue of the CNS and that of the PNS are primarily due to differences in the neuron cell populations.
false - due to anatomical location
11) Exteroceptors provide sensations of deep pressure and pain, as well as taste, a special sense.
false - interoreceptors
12) Parallel processing occurs in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next.
false - serial
3) A somatic motor neuron also controls smooth and cardiac muscles.
false - visceral motor neuron
9) A neuron in which the dendrite and axonal processes are continuous, and the cell body lies off to one side is called a bipolar neuron.
false- pseudounipolar
12) ________ is the ability of a plasmalemma to respond to an adequate stimulus. A) Excitability B) Threshold stimulus C) Wallerian degeneration D) Membrane potential E) Propagation
A) Excitability
44) The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following? A) Excitatory or inhibitory responses result. B) Neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell. C) The neurotransmitter floats around in the synaptic cleft. D) Upon stimulation, the membrane releases more neurotransmitter molecules. E) None of the answers are correct.
A) Excitatory or inhibitory responses result.
3) The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ________. A) central and peripheral nervous systems B) dorsal and ventral nervous systems C) appendicular and axial nervous systems D) autonomic and somatic nervous systems E) None of the answers are correct.
A) central and peripheral nervous systems
2) The ________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands. A) efferent B) sensory C) parallel D) afferent E) serial
A) efferent
18) Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS. A) electrical synapses B) neuromuscular synapses C) chemical synapses D) neuroendocrine synapses E) All of the answers are correct.
A) electrical synapses
30) Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, ________. A) it is rendered incapable of dividing B) it cannot grow as quickly as neurons that retain their centrioles C) it loses its normal ability to produce a myelin sheath D) it is probably located in the PNS E) All of the answers are correct.
A) it is rendered incapable of dividing
47) A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________. A) its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted B) the neurons are of different types C) the levels of microglia are too low D) there are too many astrocytes present E) the neurotransmitter is inhibitory
A) its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted
16) If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system? A) near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS B) near the axon of a neuron in the CNS C) near the lining of the ventricles of the brain D) at a neuromuscular synapse E) None of the answers are correct.
A) near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS
53) Which of the following is gray matter? A) neural cortex B) columns C) tracts D) glandular receptors E) nerves
A) neural cortex
7) Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon. A) neurofibrils B) collaterals C) telodendria D) terminal arborizations E) Nissl bodies
A) neurofibrils
43) At a vesicular synapse, the neurons communicate via ________. A) neurotransmitters B) communicating junctions C) terminal arborizations D) nodes E) internodes
A) neurotransmitters
23) Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________. A) postganglionic fibers B) ganglionic fibers C) preganglionic fibers D) efferent fibers E) afferent fibers
A) postganglionic fibers
27) The functional classifications of neurons include ________, which carry information toward the CNS. A) sensory neurons B) interneurons C) motor neurons D) axoplasmic neurons E) All of the answers are correct.
A) sensory neurons
17) To transmit a nerve impulse in vesicular synapses, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ________ and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. A) synaptic cleft B) presynaptic membrane C) axolemma D) secretory vesicles E) sarcolemma
A) synaptic cleft
32) Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________. A) the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes B) the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks C) the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
A) the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes
4) What occurs at the terminal boutons of a neuron during synaptic communication?
Answer: At the terminal bouton, the neuron communicates with another cell. The terminal bouton occurs at the distal ends of the axon or collaterals of a neuron. Synaptic vesicles in the terminal boutons store neurotransmitters, which are released through exocytosis at the presynaptic membrane in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal bouton. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Receptor binding results in a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic cell membrane. Depending on the identity and abundance of the receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane, the result may be excitatory or inhibitory.
2) How do the functions of Schwann cells differ from those of satellite cells?
Answer: Both satellite cells and Schwann cells are glial cells. Schwann cells produce a complete covering around every peripheral axon, whether or not it is myelinated. As a result, all axons within the PNS are shielded from contact with interstitial fluids by the Schwann cells, which also participate in the repair process after neuronal injury. Satellite cells surround the nerve cell bodies in peripheral ganglia, but not the axons. Satellite cells regulate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between the neuron cell body and the extracellular fluid. They also help isolate the neuron from stimuli other than those provided at synapses. Additionally, they help regulate neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia.
6) What would be the consequences of severing the spinal cord from the brain?
Answer: Dependent on the degree of damage, severing of the spinal cord at any level will result in the partial or complete loss of the ability for the ascending and descending pathways to transmit signals up and down the spinal cord. Severing of the spinal cord from the brain causes instant death due to the body's inability to function without the control provided by the brain.
5) What effect does a reverberating circuit have on the ability of the organism to function?
Answer: Reverberating circuits utilize positive feedback that will allow a circuit to continue to be stimulated until either synaptic fatigue or an inhibitory stimulus breaks the cycle. Positive feedback occurs as a result of collateral axons, which extend back toward the source of the impulse that further excites the presynaptic neurons. Reverberating circuits using neuronal pools in the brain may be involved in the maintenance of consciousness, muscular coordination, and normal breathing patterns.
1) What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier in brain cell function?
Answer: The blood-brain barrier acts to isolate the CNS neural tissue from the general circulation of blood because the hormones or other chemicals normally present in blood could have disruptive effects on neuron function.
3) What is Wallerian degeneration?
Answer: The process of Wallerian degeneration occurs when the axon distal to the site of injury of a nerve deteriorates and macrophages migrate in to phagocytize the debris. The Schwann cells in the area then divide and form a solid cellular cord that follows the path of the original axon. If the neuron recovers, its axon will regrow into the site of the injury and the Schwann cells will wrap around it.
48) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? (1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane (3) arrival of nerve impulse at terminal bouton in the presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors A) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 B) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 C) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 E) 1, 5, 4, 2, 3
B) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
9) ________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. A) Interoceptors B) Proprioceptors C) Exteroceptors D) Visceral sensory neurons E) Nissl bodies
B) Proprioceptors
34) Action potentials result from ________. A) the closing of ion channels B) a change in the membrane potential of axons C) the opening of calcium gates D) neurons transporting neurotransmitters E) All of the answers are correct.
B) a change in the membrane potential of axons
9) Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ________. A) carry nerve impulses B) act as phagocytes C) process information in the nervous system D) transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord E) All of the answers are correct.
B) act as phagocytes
29) Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ________. A) axonal transport B) axoplasmic transport C) osmosis D) diffusion E) neuroskeletal contraction
B) axoplasmic transport
5) The cell body usually has several branching ________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment. A) soma B) dendrites C) astrocytes D) axons E) satellite cells
B) dendrites
51) When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distributed to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________. A) parallel processing B) divergence C) convergence D) serial processing E) reverberation
B) divergence
14) Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? A) astrocytes B) ependymal cells C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) satellite cells
B) ependymal cells
33) In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ________. A) the axon proximal to the injury deteriorates B) macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons C) Schwann cells completely degenerate D) no trace is left of the path of the original axon that was damaged E) All of the answers are correct.
B) macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons
49) An inhibitory response ________. A) makes an action potential more likely B) makes an action potential less likely C) directly causes an action potential D) causes ACh release E) None of the answers are correct.
B) makes an action potential less likely
18) Myelin is (a) ________. A) cell body in the peripheral nervous system B) mostly lipid C) special cell that forms scar tissue after injury D) special area of the brain E) None of the answers are correct.
B) mostly lipid
54) The surface of the brain is called the ________. A) higher center B) neural cortex C) neuronal nuclei D) white matter E) basal nuclei
B) neural cortex
50) A neuronal pool is ________. A) a group of identical nerve cells B) a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions C) a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions D) the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerve E) a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses
C) a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions
14) The neuromuscular synapse is a vesicular synapse that releases the neurotransmitter ________. A) norepinephrine B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine E) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
24) The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the ________. A) soma B) Nissl body C) axon D) dendrite E) myelin
C) axon
6) Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________. A) receptors B) reflexes C) effectors D) axons E) dendrites
C) effectors
1) The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs. A) skeletal B) lymphatic C) endocrine D) immune E) circulatory
C) endocrine
6) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________. A) astrocytes B) oligodendrocytes C) ependymal cells D) Schwann cells E) satellite cells
C) ependymal cells
52) The process of reverberation involves ________. A) a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits B) a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction C) extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons D) several neuronal pools processing information at one time E) All of the answers are correct.
C) extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons
21) In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ________. A) white matter B) nuclei C) ganglia D) columns E) tracts
C) ganglia
13) If an axon ________, the impulse will be conducted ________. A) has a smaller diameter; less slowly B) has more myelination; more slowly C) has a larger diameter; more rapidly D) is longer in length; more rapidly E) is shorter in length; less rapidly
C) has a larger diameter; more rapidly
26) The structural classification of a neuron is based upon ________. A) the size of the dendrites B) the number of axons C) the number of processes that project from the cell body D) the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes E) the overall size of the cell
C) the number of processes that project from the cell body
22) Collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called ________. A) nerves B) centers C) tracts D) ganglia E) nuclei
C) tracts
21) To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system? A) anywhere in the CNS B) near or at a neuron cell body C) alongside an unmyelinated axon in the CNS D) along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not E) None of the answers are correct.
D) along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not
15) If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells? A) microglia B) Schwann cells C) satellite cells D) astrocytes E) ependymal cells
D) astrocytes
2) The central nervous system (CNS) includes the ________. A) brain only B) spinal cord only C) nerves only D) brain and spinal cord E) nerves and muscles
D) brain and spinal cord
12) Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________. A) nuclei B) peripheral centers C) roots D) ganglia E) All of the answers are correct.
D) ganglia
35) When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ________. A) it will stimulate astrocytes to release chemicals B) it will regenerate the threshold stimulus at the originating location on the same axon C) Schwann cells in the area begin to divide and form a solid cellular cord D) it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton E) it will propagate faster along the smaller unmyelinated fibers
D) it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the terminal bouton
17) A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of ________. A) ependymal cells B) oligodendrocytes C) satellite cells D) microglia E) interneurons
D) microglia
10) Which of the following selections lists only types of glial cells? A) astrocytes and parenchymal cells B) apocrine and exocrine cells C) merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells D) microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells E) None of the answers are correct.
D) microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells
3) The nervous system includes all of the ________ tissue in the body. A) muscle B) skeletal C) connective D) neural E) epithelial
D) neural
8) The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the ________. A) astrocytes B) neuroglia C) Schwann cells D) neurons E) All of the answers are correct.
D) neurons
11) Oligodendrocytes ________. A) remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis B) regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia C) maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support D) provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons E) line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
D) provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons
20) A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called ________. A) reverberation B) parallel processing C) divergence D) serial processing E) convergence
D) serial processing
22) Which of the following structures do NOT contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? A) mitochondria B) free and fixed ribosomes C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) All of the answers are correct.
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
42) A communicating junction acts to facilitate ________. A) the passage of neurotransmitters between cells B) growth of Schwann cells C) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane D) the passage of ions between the cells E) All of the answers are correct.
D) the passage of ions between the cells
4) Glial cells are roughly ________ times the number of neurons. A) 2 B) 10 C) 7 D) 15 E) 5
E) 5
1) Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? A) seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions B) receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output C) regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities D) integrating and processing data E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
46) Types of synapses include which of the following? A) axoaxonic B) axodendritic C) axosomatic D) neuroeffector synapses E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
8) Interneurons ________. A) are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs B) are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord C) can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons D) outnumber all other neurons combined E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
10) During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron continues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the ________ wrap around it along its original path. A) oligodendrocytes B) satellite cells C) astrocytes D) macrophages E) Schwann cells
E) Schwann cells
7) Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the ________. A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic division C) sympathetic division D) central nervous system E) autonomic nervous system
E) autonomic nervous system
25) The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the ________. A) neurofibril B) Nissl body C) axoplasm D) initial segment E) axon hillock
E) axon hillock
41) Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? A) neuromuscular synapse B) neuroglandular synapse C) neuroneural synapse D) neuroaxonic synapses E) both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse
E) both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse
31) Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? A) visceral sensory neurons B) bipolar neurons C) interoceptors D) proprioceptors E) exteroceptors
E) exteroceptors
19) Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________. A) the number of neurons present B) the diameter of the axons C) anatomy rather than on functional grounds D) the location of the neurons E) function rather than on anatomical grounds
E) function rather than on anatomical grounds
4) Functions of the peripheral nervous system include ________. A) providing sensory information to the CNS only B) making higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs C) carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems only D) carrying information up and down the spinal cord E) providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral
E) providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral
1) Somatic sensory receptors receive information from the skin about touch, pain, and temperature.
true
10) A neuron, which has several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches is a multipolar neuron.
true
13) In convergence, several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron.
true
14) A connection between the brain and other organs and systems in the body is called a pathway.
true
15) A bundle of axons in the PNS is called a nerve.
true
2) Visceral sensory receptors receive information from internal structures, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and respiratory and digestive organs.
true
5) The ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord are lined by ependymal cells, which are cuboidal to columnar in form and have slender processes that branch extensively.
true
7) Astrocytes function in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, which isolates the CNS from the general circulation.
true
8) A small neuron in which there are no anatomical clues to distinguish dendrites from axons is called an anaxonic neuron.
true
