Ch. 13 - Respiratory Physiology

The transpulmonary pressure is the ________________ pressure that governs the static properties of the lungs.

transmural

What is released into the blood during strenuous anaerobic exercise that causes the pH of blood to decrease? A.) Lactic acid B.) Pyruvic acid C.) Hydrochloric acid D.) Oxygen

A.) Lactic acid

iterMatch the correct numbers to the physiological parameters under normal, resting conditions. Terms 3 5 197 1000 200 Statements A.) milliliters of oxygen normally dissolved in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood B.) milliliters of oxygen normally bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood C.) total milliliters of oxygen normally delivered by systemic arterial blood each minute D.) total milliliters of oxygen dissolved and bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood E.) typical cardiac output in liters per minute

3 - A.) milliliters of oxygen normally dissolved in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood 5 - E.) typical cardiac output in liters per minute 197 - B.) milliliters of oxygen normally bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood 1000 - C.) total milliliters of oxygen normally delivered by systemic arterial blood each minute 200 - D.) total milliliters of oxygen dissolved and bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood

Match the partial pressures below with the specific gas and location of the body where they normally occur. Partial Pressures: 40 mmHg 46mmHg 105 mmHg 100 mmHg 5 mmHg Gas and Locations: The partial pressure of O_2 in pulmonary venous blood. The partial pressure of O_2 in mitochondria. The partial pressure of CO_2 in pulmonary artery blood. The partial pressure of O_2 in pulmonary artery blood. The partial pressure of O_2 in alveolar air.

40 mmHg - The partial pressure of O_2 in pulmonary artery blood. 46mmHg - The partial pressure of CO_2 in pulmonary artery blood. 105 mmHg - The partial pressure of O_2 in alveolar air. 100 mmHg - The partial pressure of O_2 in pulmonary venous blood. 5 mmHg - The partial pressure of O_2 in mitochondria.

Over what range of P_(O2) values does the oxygen--hemoglobin dissociation curve undergo the largest change in oxygen saturation? A.) 20-60 mmHg B.) 60-100 mmHg C.) 40-80 mmHg D.) 30-70 mmHg E.) 50-90 mmHg

A.) 20-60 mmHg

Which best defines dyspnea? A.) A sensation of difficult breathing B.) Talking smack about air quality C.) An increase in respiration above metabolic requirements D.) A cessation of breathing for a prolonged period

A.) A sensation of difficult breathing

Which of the following reduces the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin at an given P_(O2)? A.) An increase in 2.3 DPG B.) A decrease in temperature C.) A decrease in acidity D.) A decrease in P_(CO2)

A.) An increase in 2.3 DPG

Which of the following factors play some role in stimulating ventilation during exercise? A.) An increase in body temperature B.) A decrease in the plasma epinephrine concentration C.) A decrease in the plasma potassium concentration D.) A learned response mediated by neural input to the respiratory centers E.) Reflex input from mechanoreceptors in joints and muscles

A.) An increase in body temperature D.) A learned response mediated by neural input to the respiratory centers E.) Reflex input from mechanoreceptors in joints and muscles

When a person gradually goes from a resting state to one of maximal exercise, which of the following normally decreases? A.) Arterial P_(CO2) B.) Arterial [H+] C.) Minute Ventilation D.) Arterial P_(O2) E.) The will to live

A.) Arterial P_(CO2)

What fore opposes the positive transpulmonary pressure in the lung of a person at the end of an unfold expiration when muscles are relaxed and there is no airflow? A.) Elastic recoil of the lungs B.) Negative alveolar pressure C.) Elastic recoil of the chest wall D.) Negative atmospheric pressure E.) Negative intrapleural pressure

A.) Elastic recoil of the lungs

Which is NOT a function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? A.) Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and external environment B.) Warms and moistens inhaled air C.) Has cilia, mucus, and macrophages that help defend against microbes and foreign matter that enter the system D.) Regulates airway resistance by varying the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls E.) Participates in the production of sounds for communication with others

A.) Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and external environment

Which of these occurs during normal inspiration at rest? A.) Intrapleural pressure becomes more subatmospheric. B.) The thorax decreases in size. C.) The diaphragm relaxes. D.) Alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure. E.) The lungs collapse due to elastic recoil.

A.) Intrapleural pressure becomes more subatmospheric.

In an experiment, two sides of a chamber (A and B) separated by a semipermeable membrane initially contain solutions with equal quantities of dissolved oxygen. If hemoglobin molecules (which cannot penetrate the membrane) are added to the solution on side A, what will occur? A.) Oxygen will diffuse from side B to side A until an equilibrium is reached with both sides having equal P_(O2), but side A having more total oxygen. B.) Oxygen will diffuse in both directions across the membrane, but there will be no net oxygen diffusion. C.) Oxygen will diffuse from side B to side A until an equilibrium is reached with side A having a higher P_(O2), than side B. D.) Oxygen will diffuse in both directions, and in the final equilibrium state the total oxygen concentration in each solution will be the same.

A.) Oxygen will diffuse from side B to side A until an equilibrium is reached with both sides having equal P_(O2), but side A having more total oxygen.

Which term describes an acid-base disorder involving increased P_(CO2)? A.) Respiratory acidosis B.) Respiratory alkalosis C.) Metabolic acidosis D.) Metabolic alkalosis

A.) Respiratory acidosis

Which are the main components of the medullary respiratory center? A.) Pneumotaxic center B.) Ventral respiratory group C.) Agnostic center D.) Apneustic center E.) Dorsal respiratory group

A.) Respiratory acidosis E.) Dorsal respiratory group

Which of these muscles contribute to inspiration when they contract? A.) Sternocleidomastoid B.) External intercostals C.) Internal intercostal D.) Scalenes E.) Diaphragm F.) Abdominal wall

A.) Sternocleidomastoid B.) External intercostals D.) Scalenes E.) Diaphragm

Compared to the resting state, in which of these blood vessels does P_(O2) usually remain unchanged during moderate exercise? A.) Systemic arterial B.) Pulmonary arterial C.) Systemic venous

A.) Systemic arterial

When a person loses a significant amount of H+ from the body due to vomiting, which of these describes how the respiratory system helps to compensate? A.) Ventilation is decreased and arterial P_(CO2) is increases, changing H+ levels back toward normal. B.) Ventilation is increased and arterial P_(CO2) is increased, changing H+ levels back toward normal. C.) Ventilation is decreased and arterial P_(CO2) is decreased, changing H+ levels back toward normal. D.) Ventilation is increased and arterial P_(CO2) is decreased, changing H+ levels back toward normal.

A.) Ventilation is decreased and arterial P_(CO2) is increases, changing H+ levels back toward normal.

A significant decrease of hemoglobin in your blood is called ______________. A.) anemia B.) porphyria C.) hemangioma D.) polycythemia E.) hemophilia

A.) anemia

The trachea is part of the _________________ of the airway. A.) conducting zone B.) danger zone C.) respiratory zone D.) erogenous zone

A.) conducting zone

An increase in H+ ______________ the affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen by binding to the ___________ portion of hemoglobin. A.) decreases; globin B.) decreases; heme C.) increases; globin D.) increases; heme

A.) decreases; globin

When a person is suffering from a chronic metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory system will compensate by __________________. A.) decreasing ventilation, which elevates arterial P_(CO2) B.) increasing ventilation, which decreases arterial P_(CO2) C.) decreasing ventilation, which decreases arterial P_(CO2) D.) increasing ventilation, which elevated arterial P_(CO2)

A.) decreasing ventilation, which elevates arterial P_(CO2)

In the figure, A,B, and C represent the pressures in each region. When a resting person begins to inspire which of the following quantities increases? A.) the quantity B minus C B.) A C.) C D.) B

A.) the quantity B minus C

The conducting zone includes the __________________. A.) trachea B.) bronchi C.) respiratory bronchioles D.) terminal bronchioles E.) alveoli

A.) trachea B.) bronchi D.) terminal bronchioles

How many oxygen molecules can bind to a single hemoglobin molecule? A.) 2 B.) 4 C.) 10 D.) 8

B.) 4

In this experiment, oxygen molecules are depicted as small clear circles, and the large balls are hemoglobin. Which is TRUE about the state shown? A.) Compartment A has a higher PO_2 than compartment B. B.) Compartment A and B have the sam P_(O2). C.) The total oxygen content of side A is the same as that of compartment B. D.) Compartment B has a higher P_(O2) than compartment A.

B.) Compartment A and B have the sam P_(O2).

What sensory receptors are normally dormant but are stimulated by an increase in lung interstitial pressure caused by fluid collecting in the interstitium? A.) Pulmonary stretch receptors B.) J receptors C.) Peripheral chemoreceptors D.) Arterial baroreceptors

B.) J receptors

Which respiratory system structures aid in the trapping and clearing of inhaled particle present in inspired air? A.) Alveolar pores B.) Macrophages C.) Epithelial cells cilia D.) Nasal hairs E.) Mucus F.) Intrapleural fluid

B.) Macrophages C.) Epithelial cells cilia D.) Nasal hairs E.) Mucus

Which best describes inspiration? A.) Movement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveolar air B.) Movement of air from the atmosphere into the respiratory tract C.) Movement of air from the respiratory tract to the atmosphere D.) Movement of oxygen from the alveolar air to the blood.

B.) Movement of air from the atmosphere into the respiratory tract

During a normal cycle of respiration, there is a pause prior to inspiring a breath, and a pause in between inspiring and expiring the breath. Which of these conditions is the SAME during those two pauses? A.) Transpulmonary pressure B.) The alveolar pressure C.) Intrapleural pressure D.) Volume of the lung B.) Atmospheric pressure F.) Air flow

B.) The alveolar pressure B.) Atmospheric pressure F.) Air flow

Which is most likely to be TRUE about blood in the veins coming from a tissue with increased metabolic activity (like an exercising muscle)? A.) The hemoglobin will be 75% saturated. B.) The hemoglobin will be less than 75% saturated. C.) The hemoglobin will be more than 75% saturated.

B.) The hemoglobin will be less than 75% saturated.

Which two factors work together to create the subatmospheric intrapleural pressure when a person is resting quietly at the end of an unforced expiration with muscles relaxed and no air flowing? A.) The cartilaginous rings surrounding the large airways B.) The tendency of the chest wall to expand due to elastic recoil C.) The tendency of the lungs to collapse due to elastic recoil D.) The positive pressure in the atmosphere at sea level E.) The subatmospheric alveolar pressure

B.) The tendency of the chest wall to expand due to elastic recoil C.) The tendency of the lungs to collapse due to elastic recoil

Inspiration occurs when __________. A.) alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure B.) atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure C.) alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure D.) atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure E.) alveolar and atmospheric pressures are equal

B.) atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure C.) alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

Compared to the diameter of a red blood cell, the alveolar and endothelial cell barrier that separates alveolar air from capillary blood is ______________________. A.) approximately equal B.) much thinner C.) much thicker

B.) much thinner

According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, at a PO_2 of 60 mmHg, approximately ___________% of the total hemoglobin is combined with oxygen. A.) 25 B.) 100 C.) 90 D.) 60 E.) 75

C.) 90

The physical principle stating that gas pressure in a closed space increases as its volume decreases is known as ___________________. A.) Newman's law B.) Jude's law C.) Boyle's law D.) Charle's law E.) Dalton's law

C.) Boyle's law

Which is TRUE about the control center of ventilation? A.) It is only under involuntary control B.) It is only under voluntary control C.) It is under both voluntary and involuntary control

C.) It is under both voluntary and involuntary control

Which term is used to describe the amount of bound oxygen carried by red blood cells? A.) Oxycontin B.) Global hematuria content C.) Percent hemoglobin saturation D.) Dissolved oxygen concentration E.) Hematocrit

C.) Percent hemoglobin saturation

The ______________ are the tubes through which air flows from the external environment to the alveoli and back. A.) diaphragms B.) pleural membranes C.) airways D.) arteries E.) veins

C.) airways

Each heme group of a hemoglobin molecule contains one atom of ______________. A.) Ir B.) Na C.) K D.) Fe E.) Ca

D.) Fe

T/F: When a tissue's metabolic activity increases, the difference between oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the incoming arteries and outgoing veins is usually less than at rest.

FALSE

In an experiment, two sides of a chamber (A & B) separated by a semipermeable membrane initially contain solutions with equal quantities of dissolved oxygen. If hemoglobin molecules (which cannot penetrate the membrane) are added to the solution on side A, what will occur? A.) Oxygen will diffuse in both directions, and in the final equilibrium state the total oxygen concentration in each solution will be the same. B.) Oxygen will diffuse in both directions across the membrane, but there will be no net oxygen diffusion. C.) Oxygen will diffuse from side B to side A until an equilibrium is reached with side A having a higher P_(O2), than side B. D.) Oxygen will diffuse from side B to side A until an equilibrium is reached with both sides having equal P_(O2), but side A having more total oxygen.

D.) Oxygen will diffuse from side B to side A until an equilibrium is reached with both sides having equal P_(O2), but side A having more total oxygen.

What structure would air flow through next after passing through the nose? A.) Larynx B.) Bronchi C.) Trachea D.) Pharynx

D.) Pharynx

Which term describes an acid-base disorder involving increased P_(CO2)? A.) Metabolic alkalosis B.) Respiratory alkalosis C.) Metabolic acidosis D.) Respiratory acidosis

D.) Respiratory acidosis

Which of these is a step occuring during normal resting expiration? A.) Intrapleural pressure decreases below its pre-inspiration value B.) Lungs expand to a large size C.) Chest wall recoils outward D.) Transpulmonary pressure decreases back toward its pre-inspiration value E.) Alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure

D.) Transpulmonary pressure decreases back toward its pre-inspiration value

Expiration occurs when ________. A.) atmospheric pressure is equal to alveolar pressure B.) atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure C.) alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure D.) atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure E.) alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

D.) atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure E.) alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

Carbon dioxide _____________ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen by binding to the ___________ portion of hemoglobin. A.) decreases; heme B.) increases; globin C.) increases; heme D.) decreases; globin

D.) decreases; globin

A decease in arterial H+ concentration caused by something other than a change in arterial P_(CO2) is called __________________. A.) respiratory acidosis B.) respiratory alkalosis C.) metabolic acidosis D.) metabolic alkalosis

D.) metabolic alkalosis

An inspired air enters the lungs, the first structures encountered that are part of the respiratory zone are the _______________________. A.) vocal folds B.) alveolar sacs C.) bronchi D.) respiratory bronchioles E.) terminal bronchioles

D.) respiratory bronchioles

At the end of an unforced expiration when the respiratory muscles are relaxed and there is no airflow, ______________. A.) the alveolar pressure is equal to the intrapleural pressure B.) the intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure C.) the alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure D.) the intrapleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure E.) the alvolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

D.) the intrapleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

The difference in pressure between the alveolar and intrapleural spaces is known as the ____________________. A.) intrapleuaral pressure B.) atmospheric pressure C.) alveolar pressure D.) transpulmonary pressure E.) barometric pressure

D.) transpulmonary pressure

In a normal resting person, the systemic venous P_(O2) is approximately __________________ and hemoglobin is approximately _______________ saturated with O_2. A.) 60 mmHg; 90% B.) 46 mmHg; 50% C.) 100 mmHg; 98% D.) 160 mmHg; 32% E.) 40 mmHg; 75%

E.) 40 mmHg; 75%

T/F: As blood flows through systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuses down a concentration gradient from hemoglobin to plasma to interstitial fluid, to the mitochondria of tissue cells.

TRUE (Oxygen levels are lowest in mitochondria where oxygen is used, and highest in the red blood cells entering the tissue capillaries.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

To provide oxygen to the blood.

Hyperventilation can lead to a reduction in CO_2, a clinical condition known as respiratory __________________.

alkalosis

Tiny, hollow air sacs within the lungs that are principally responsible for gas exchange are called _____________(plural)

alveoli

The gas ______________ _____________ has a higher binding affinity for the heme site of hemoglobin than oxygen, and it also decreases the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the tissues.

carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, a reaction that is catalyzed in the red blood cells by the enzyme _________________ _________________.

carbonic anhydrase

The __________________ intercostal muscles (internal or external?) are activated during inspiration.

external

Fetal hemoglobin has a ______________ affinity for oxygen compared to adult hemoglobin.

higher

The extremely thin fluid layer that is between membranes surrounding the lungs and lubricate their surfaces is known as the _____________ fluid.

intrapleural

Motor neurons within the ______________ nerves innervate and activate the diaphragm muscle.

phrenic

The sum of the anatomical and alveolar dead spaces is known as the _______________________ dead space.

physiological

When the chest wall or lung is punctured and the intrapleural space pressure equilibrates with atmospheric pressure, the resulting condition is called ________________.

pneumothorax

Receptors found between epithelial cells of the nose and pharynx cause a reflex called ________________ when stimulated by irritant particles.

sneezing

During strenuous exercise, blood PCO_2 levels increase in systemic _________________ blood (arterial or venous?)

venous