Psych1B quiz chapter 8 and 10.1

Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?

Part of the brain is still asleep.

When studying disruptions to the biological clock in animals, what did Curt Richter find?​

The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference.

An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness. What is likely to happen? ​

They sleep poorly during rest periods.

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?​

Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.

In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams ____.​

are more likely to include complicated plots

One important difference between organizing effects and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects ____.​

are shorter-term

The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak ____.​

around the time of ovulation

Hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior?​

care for newborns during the first few days

Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea?

periods without breathing during sleeping

small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN.​

retinohypothalamic

Whereas dopamine stimulates sexual activity, the neurotransmitter ____ inhibits it, in part by blocking dopamine release. ​

serotonin

Pregnant women often experience nausea because of the heightened activity of the ____ receptor.​

serotonin 3

Which circumstance will be most likely to cause a genetic male to develop a mostly feminine anatomy?​

a condition that prevents androgens from exerting their effects

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____.​

almost completely inactive during sleep

​With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____.​

almost completely inactive during sleep

Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is ____.​

bound to alpha-fetoprotein

After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal ____.​

enters a prolonged state of sleep

Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to __

expose them to bright lights while they work

What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?​

irregular waves with low amplitude

The estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it ____.​

is prevented from entering the developing cells

What is the principal zeitgeber for land animals?​

light

people with REM behavior disorder

move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams

One way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____.​

ncreasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors _

occur during NREM sleep

What hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm?​

oxytocin

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____.

remain relatively stable

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____.​

staying awake

For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?​

​90 minutes

If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?​

​The more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep

Slow-wave sleep is comprised of _

​stages 3 and 4

Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____.​

exposure of the eyes to light

On average, the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are of nearly equal size in ____ females, whereas the right hemisphere is a few percent larger in ____ males.​

heterosexual; heterosexual

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?​

hypnagogic hallucinations

Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep __

includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

one way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____.​

increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area

The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is ____.​

larger in males than in females

the difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is ____.​

larger in males than in females

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. ​

melatonin

The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?​

men who are overweigh

The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?​

men who are overweight

What is narcolepsy?​

sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.​

surge of prolactin and oxytocin

Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing _

​acetylcholine

an electroencephalograph displays ____.​

​action potentials of individual neurons

Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____.​

​block histamine

The proteins PER and TIM, originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also, influence circadian rhythms by ____.​

​building up during the day and declining during sleep

Mammals have circadian rhythms _

​for a variety of activities, including slee

On average, the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are of nearly equal size in ____ females, whereas the right hemisphere is a few percent larger in ____ males.​

​heterosexual; heterosexual

ompared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep ____.​

​includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

Research suggests that REM is ____.​

​most important for strengthening memories of motor skills

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?​

​sleep