Ch. 14 Blood

Which plasma protein is accurately described?

Beta globulins-transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

blood cells are responsible for the defense system in the body.

White

Biliverdin and bilirubin are pigments that result from the breakdown of red blood cells. Biliverdin is ______ in color and bilirubin is ______ in color.

greenish; orange

Marianne has small, bruise-like spots on her skin and a low platelet count. These blemishes are most likely

petechiae.

Chemicals released by damaged cells, white blood cells, and platelets act to attract white blood cells to the area. This attraction is called:

positive chemotaxis

What function do the compounds heparin and coumadin have in common?

prevention of coagulation

Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis are

prolonged periods of staying still in one position. use of oral contraceptives or estrogen. dehydration

This may be due to direct stimulation, a ________response to pain, and/or the presence of _________ released by platelets.

reflex; serotonin

Genotyping differs from serology in that

serology detects diverse antigens, whereas genotyping detects the underlying genetic instructions for those antigens.

As a platelet plug forms, platelets release

serotonin

What percentage of the US population is Rh negative?

15% of Caucasians and 5% of African Americans

The typical life span of a red blood cell is:

120 days

The percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about

45

Plasma is __ percent water

92

A person with type A blood can successfully donate blood to a person with type ________ blood.

A

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

A monocyte

What results when a type A patient receives a transfusion of type B blood?

Agglutination of the donor red blood cells

Protein that maintains osmotic pressure

Albumin

Protein that transports lipids

Alpha & beta globulin

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; leads to paleness of the skin.

Anemia

Damage to bone marrow due to toxic chemicals, radiation, etc.

Aplastic anemia

Releases histamine and heparin

Basophil

Describe the role of plasmin.

Breaks down fibrin, dissolving the clot

Low blood oxygen levels lead to bluish tint to the skin.

Cyanosis

Maintenance of pH; can influence water balance

Electrolytes

People who are Rh-negative will typically have anti-Rh antibodies in their blood.

False

Protein that functions in blood clotting

Fibrinogen

Antibodies for immune defense

Gamma globulin

Destruction of red blood cells; toxic chemicals are one possible cause

Hemolytic anemia

Which of the following elements is included in hemoglobin molecules?

Iron

Provides immunity

Lymphocyte

Phagocytizes small particles; first-responders at infection site

Neutrophil

A person with type AB blood can successfully receive blood from a person with type ___________ blood.

O A B

Increase in RBCs that are large and fragile; due to deficiency in vitamin B-12

Pernicious anemia

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not.

Vitamins, lipids, sugars, and amino acids used in metabolic processes

Plasma nutrients

Indicate which situation would increase the risk of blood clot formation.

Prolonged immobility

Blood contains numerous biconcave cells called ___________, contained in a featureless matrix called _____________.

RBCs; plasma

Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising.

Thrombocytopenia

Place in order the processes that occur leading to hemostasis.

Vasospasm; Platelet plug formation; Coagulation

The value of 6,000 per microliter is a normal value for

WBC

Regulates temperature; transports substances (solute)

Water

Sickle cell disease is caused by

a mutation.

The ________________, being the most abundant, are important in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma.

albumins

In order, the _________ are most abundant; the __________ account for about 36% of the plasma proteins; and __________ is least abundant.

albumins; globulins; fibrinogen

The proteins that B cells produce that attack foreign molecules are

antibodies

Pus is composed of

bacteria, white blood cells, and damaged cells.

Plasma electrolytes include

bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride, and potassium ions.

Fibrinogen is important in ____________ of the blood. It is the largest of the plasma protein molecules.

coagulation

Formation of a blood clot, called ____________ , results from a series of reactions occurring in cascade.

coagulation

On a long transcontinental flight, a middle-aged man gets up and exercises in the aisle, moving his hands, feet, arms, and legs as much as he can. He does this every two hours. The flight attendant asks him to sit down, but he explains that he is trying to prevent a very dangerous medical condition. He is talking about

deep vein thrombosis.

Cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of

deoxyhemoglobin.

The result is a meshwork of a protein called

fibrin

The proteins in plasma are of three types: albumins, globulins and

fibrinogen

Blood platelets

form from megakaryocytes. release serotonin. number from 150,000 - 450,000 per microliter blood.

A class of plasma proteins called gamma ___________ are produced by lymphocytes.

globulins

Both albumin and some of the____________ function as transporter molecules in the plasma, carrying substances such as lipids, hormones, and certain drugs.

globulins

The value of 45% is a normal value for

hematocrit

Athletes abuse erythropoeitin (EPO) because it

increases the red blood cell supply, which brings more oxygen to muscle cells.

Heparin prevents blood clotting by

inhibiting the formation of prothrombin activator and the action of thrombin on fibrinogen.

Vitamin K

is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin.

Stacy has been tired and bruising easily, and she's had three respiratory infections in the past few months. She has also had headaches and a few nosebleeds. A physician should check her for

leukemia.

Fewer in number are the white blood cells, also called

leukocytes

An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as

leukocytosis

A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as

leukopenia

The formed elements in the blood are

mostly red blood cells.

Diapedesis is

movements of white blood cells out of the circulation.

These numerous cells, also called erythrocytes, are unique in that they lack

nuclei.

Describe the function of platelets.

reduces blood loss from damaged blood vessels

Damage to a blood vessel results in contraction of ____________ muscle cells in the vessel wall.

smooth

For a small break in a blood vessel, the sequence of vascular__________ , platelet ______ formation, and coagulation results in the break being sealed off.

spasm; plug

Two substances that are useful for dissolving blood clots are

urokinase and streptokinase.

The normal white blood cell count is

4,500-10,000 cells per microliter of blood.

Moderates allergic reactions; defends against parasitic worm infections

Eosinophil

The kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production is called ________.

Erythropoietin

Place the following stages of red blood cell production in chronological order.

Hematopoietic stem cells Proerythroblasts Erythroblasts Reticulocytes Erythrocytes

Phagocytizes large particles in tissues

Monocyte

Waste molecules produced during metabolism

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances

Used and produced during cellular respiration

Plasma gases

The value of 300,000 per microliter is a normal value for

Platelets

Which of the following formed elements releases serotonin?

Platelets

The value of 5,200,000 per microliter is a normal value for

RBC

The risk of erythroblastosis fetalis occurs with:

Rh- mom and Rh+ fetus

Defective gene leads to abnormally shaped RBCs in conditions of low oxygen

Sickle cell disease

Abnormal hemoglobin; causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions.

Sickle-cell disease

Deficiency of hemoglobin due to defective gene; short life-span for RBCs.

Thalassemia

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances include

amino acids. urea. creatinine.

Blood volume varies with

amount of adipose tissue. changes in electrolyte and fluid concentrations. body size.

"Formed elements" are

blood cells and platelets.

The other types of plasma proteins are synthesized by the

liver

The collagen in the vessel wall that is exposed when damage occurs allows adhesion of

platelets.

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

thrombin

A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a(n)

thrombus.