Ch. 14 Blood
Which plasma protein is accurately described?
Beta globulins-transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
blood cells are responsible for the defense system in the body.
White
Biliverdin and bilirubin are pigments that result from the breakdown of red blood cells. Biliverdin is ______ in color and bilirubin is ______ in color.
greenish; orange
Marianne has small, bruise-like spots on her skin and a low platelet count. These blemishes are most likely
petechiae.
Chemicals released by damaged cells, white blood cells, and platelets act to attract white blood cells to the area. This attraction is called:
positive chemotaxis
What function do the compounds heparin and coumadin have in common?
prevention of coagulation
Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis are
prolonged periods of staying still in one position. use of oral contraceptives or estrogen. dehydration
This may be due to direct stimulation, a ________response to pain, and/or the presence of _________ released by platelets.
reflex; serotonin
Genotyping differs from serology in that
serology detects diverse antigens, whereas genotyping detects the underlying genetic instructions for those antigens.
As a platelet plug forms, platelets release
serotonin
What percentage of the US population is Rh negative?
15% of Caucasians and 5% of African Americans
The typical life span of a red blood cell is:
120 days
The percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about
45
Plasma is __ percent water
92
A person with type A blood can successfully donate blood to a person with type ________ blood.
A
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
A monocyte
What results when a type A patient receives a transfusion of type B blood?
Agglutination of the donor red blood cells
Protein that maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
Protein that transports lipids
Alpha & beta globulin
Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; leads to paleness of the skin.
Anemia
Damage to bone marrow due to toxic chemicals, radiation, etc.
Aplastic anemia
Releases histamine and heparin
Basophil
Describe the role of plasmin.
Breaks down fibrin, dissolving the clot
Low blood oxygen levels lead to bluish tint to the skin.
Cyanosis
Maintenance of pH; can influence water balance
Electrolytes
People who are Rh-negative will typically have anti-Rh antibodies in their blood.
False
Protein that functions in blood clotting
Fibrinogen
Antibodies for immune defense
Gamma globulin
Destruction of red blood cells; toxic chemicals are one possible cause
Hemolytic anemia
Which of the following elements is included in hemoglobin molecules?
Iron
Provides immunity
Lymphocyte
Phagocytizes small particles; first-responders at infection site
Neutrophil
A person with type AB blood can successfully receive blood from a person with type ___________ blood.
O A B
Increase in RBCs that are large and fragile; due to deficiency in vitamin B-12
Pernicious anemia
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not.
Vitamins, lipids, sugars, and amino acids used in metabolic processes
Plasma nutrients
Indicate which situation would increase the risk of blood clot formation.
Prolonged immobility
Blood contains numerous biconcave cells called ___________, contained in a featureless matrix called _____________.
RBCs; plasma
Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising.
Thrombocytopenia
Place in order the processes that occur leading to hemostasis.
Vasospasm; Platelet plug formation; Coagulation
The value of 6,000 per microliter is a normal value for
WBC
Regulates temperature; transports substances (solute)
Water
Sickle cell disease is caused by
a mutation.
The ________________, being the most abundant, are important in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma.
albumins
In order, the _________ are most abundant; the __________ account for about 36% of the plasma proteins; and __________ is least abundant.
albumins; globulins; fibrinogen
The proteins that B cells produce that attack foreign molecules are
antibodies
Pus is composed of
bacteria, white blood cells, and damaged cells.
Plasma electrolytes include
bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride, and potassium ions.
Fibrinogen is important in ____________ of the blood. It is the largest of the plasma protein molecules.
coagulation
Formation of a blood clot, called ____________ , results from a series of reactions occurring in cascade.
coagulation
On a long transcontinental flight, a middle-aged man gets up and exercises in the aisle, moving his hands, feet, arms, and legs as much as he can. He does this every two hours. The flight attendant asks him to sit down, but he explains that he is trying to prevent a very dangerous medical condition. He is talking about
deep vein thrombosis.
Cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of
deoxyhemoglobin.
The result is a meshwork of a protein called
fibrin
The proteins in plasma are of three types: albumins, globulins and
fibrinogen
Blood platelets
form from megakaryocytes. release serotonin. number from 150,000 - 450,000 per microliter blood.
A class of plasma proteins called gamma ___________ are produced by lymphocytes.
globulins
Both albumin and some of the____________ function as transporter molecules in the plasma, carrying substances such as lipids, hormones, and certain drugs.
globulins
The value of 45% is a normal value for
hematocrit
Athletes abuse erythropoeitin (EPO) because it
increases the red blood cell supply, which brings more oxygen to muscle cells.
Heparin prevents blood clotting by
inhibiting the formation of prothrombin activator and the action of thrombin on fibrinogen.
Vitamin K
is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin.
Stacy has been tired and bruising easily, and she's had three respiratory infections in the past few months. She has also had headaches and a few nosebleeds. A physician should check her for
leukemia.
Fewer in number are the white blood cells, also called
leukocytes
An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as
leukocytosis
A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as
leukopenia
The formed elements in the blood are
mostly red blood cells.
Diapedesis is
movements of white blood cells out of the circulation.
These numerous cells, also called erythrocytes, are unique in that they lack
nuclei.
Describe the function of platelets.
reduces blood loss from damaged blood vessels
Damage to a blood vessel results in contraction of ____________ muscle cells in the vessel wall.
smooth
For a small break in a blood vessel, the sequence of vascular__________ , platelet ______ formation, and coagulation results in the break being sealed off.
spasm; plug
Two substances that are useful for dissolving blood clots are
urokinase and streptokinase.
The normal white blood cell count is
4,500-10,000 cells per microliter of blood.
Moderates allergic reactions; defends against parasitic worm infections
Eosinophil
The kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production is called ________.
Erythropoietin
Place the following stages of red blood cell production in chronological order.
Hematopoietic stem cells Proerythroblasts Erythroblasts Reticulocytes Erythrocytes
Phagocytizes large particles in tissues
Monocyte
Waste molecules produced during metabolism
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
Used and produced during cellular respiration
Plasma gases
The value of 300,000 per microliter is a normal value for
Platelets
Which of the following formed elements releases serotonin?
Platelets
The value of 5,200,000 per microliter is a normal value for
RBC
The risk of erythroblastosis fetalis occurs with:
Rh- mom and Rh+ fetus
Defective gene leads to abnormally shaped RBCs in conditions of low oxygen
Sickle cell disease
Abnormal hemoglobin; causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions.
Sickle-cell disease
Deficiency of hemoglobin due to defective gene; short life-span for RBCs.
Thalassemia
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances include
amino acids. urea. creatinine.
Blood volume varies with
amount of adipose tissue. changes in electrolyte and fluid concentrations. body size.
"Formed elements" are
blood cells and platelets.
The other types of plasma proteins are synthesized by the
liver
The collagen in the vessel wall that is exposed when damage occurs allows adhesion of
platelets.
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
thrombin
A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a(n)
thrombus.
