ch 15 & 16 exam

Psychoanalysis was developed by ___ and was the first form of psychotherapy.

Sigmund Freud

exposure therapy

counterconditioning technique in which a therapist seeks to treat a client's fear or anxiety by presenting the feared object or situation with the idea that the person will eventually get used to it ex: a patient that has a phobia of airplanes would be slowly exposed to them by first only going in an airport

Lisa connected ___ issues to mental health issues, such as fogginess and depression.

digestive

What recommendations does Julia make at the end of her talk?

prioritize lifestyle factors, healthy eating, exercise, supplements, and when necessary use medication and psychiatric treatments

stigmatization

the action of describing or regarding someone or something as worthy of disgrace or great disapproval.

humanistic theory

therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

What evidence did Lisa provide that bacteria is related to the production of neurotransmitters and, in turn, behavior?

- constipation = a "depressed" gut - cramping = an overactive "anxious" gut

Lisa described tricks to create a more diverse diet. What was her suggestion about planning meals? What did she recommend you do each week for one month out of the year?

- focus the center of meals around vegetables - once a year for a month buy a fruit or vegetable once a week

A side-effect of closing the large mental institutions but without adequate support for communities is a large homeless population. Today, about __% of homeless adults living in shelters have a mental illness

26

Factors associated with successful drug treatment are treatment duration at least ___ long and a holistic approach that addresses multiple needs.

3 months

According to one study, rates of psychiatric illness in children doubled over the last ___ years.

5

What percentage of people respond to this therapy, according to Julia?

60-80%

According to Lisa, we are ___ bacteria (cell for cell).

90%

In the late 1700s, ___________ argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill, and in the 1800s Dorothea Dix's efforts led to the creation of the first mental institutions in the U.S.

Philippe Pinel

Julia mentioned that not a single study shows that the ___ diet is good for mental health. Instead, a good diet has which foods?

Western; fresh, high in fruits and vegetables, high in nuts, fish, and healthy fats, and low in processed foods

What other way forward is Julia advocating?

a healthy and nutritious diet with lots of micronutrients

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

a procedure approved by the FDA in 2008 that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve depression symptoms; it is used when other treatments have not worked

An example of exposure therapy would be ___.

a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it. This can be done via reality, imagination, or virtual reality.

What is the minimum amount of time addicts should receive treatment if they are to achieve a desired outcome? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 9 months d. 12 months

a. 3 months

The idea behind ________ is that how you think determines how you feel and act. a. cognitive therapy b. cognitive-behavioral therapy c. behavior therapy d. client-centered therapy

a. cognitive therapy

The process of closing large asylums and providing for people to stay in the community to be treated locally is known as ________. a. deinstitutionalization b. exorcism c. deactivation d. decentralization

a. deinstitutionalization

Joey was convicted of domestic violence. As part of his sentence, the judge has ordered that he attend therapy for anger management. This is considered ________ treatment. a. involuntary b. voluntary c. forced d. mandatory

a. involuntary

What happens during an intake? a. The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status. The therapist informs the client about confidentiality, fees, and what to expect in a therapy session. b. The therapist guides what happens in the therapy session and designs a detailed approach to resolving each member's presenting problem. c. The therapist meets with a couple to help them see how their individual backgrounds, beliefs, and actions are affecting their relationship. d. The therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: For example, who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, and how decisions are made.

a. the therapist gathers specific information

The first institutions for housing people with psychological problems were called ___.

asylums

When an individual has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance- related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, this is known as ________. a. bipolar disorder b. comorbid disorder c. codependency d. bi-morbid disorder

b. comorbid disorder

Who of the following does not support the humane and improved treatment of mentally ill persons? a. Philippe Pinel b. medieval priests c. Dorothea Dix d. All of the above

b. medieval priests

Lisa found that there is a connection between the gut and the brain, and what connects the two are microbes—the ___ that live in the gut.

bacteria

________ therapy uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change behavior.

behavior

___________ target the brain more directly

biological treatments

Today, most people with psychological problems are not hospitalized. Typically they are only hospitalized if they ________. a. have schizophrenia b. have insurance c. are an imminent threat to themselves or others d. require therapy

c. are an imminent threat to themselves or others

Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are used to treat ________. a. anxiety disorders b. depression c. bipolar disorder d. ADHD

c. bipolar disorder

The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your ________. a. education b. socioeconomic status c. culture and background d. age

c. culture and background

A treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician is known as ________. a. family therapy b. couples therapy c. group therapy d. self-help group

c. group therapy

counterconditioning

classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior ex: someone who is afraid of rabbits could have a rabbit by them while they are eating their favorite food so they learn to associate rabbits with it

An extremely successful form of exposure therapy is systematic desensitization. Explain how this would be used to treat fear of elevators.

client learns to relax and then while relaxed faces more and more challenging obstacles. For instance, on the first therapy session, she looks at a photo of the exterior of an elevator while remaining relaxed. The next time it is a picture of people inside an elevator. Later steps include imagining riding an elevator, and then gradually doing so.

randomized control trials

clinical trials in which patients are randomly assigned to various treatment conditions in order to discover which treatments work best. This is the best way to discover whether a treatment works or not.

aversive conditioning

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior ex: a foul tasting polish can be applied on the nails for someone who has a nail biting habit

In a famous treatment called trephining (sometimes spelled a little differently), the "doctor" tried to let out evil spirits by ___.

cutting holes in the skull

Which of the following was not listed as a barrier to mental health treatment? a. fears about treatment b. language c. transportation d. being a member of the ethnic majority

d. being a member of the ethnic majority

Clay is in a therapy session. The therapist asks him to relax and say whatever comes to his mind at the moment. This therapist is using ________, which is a technique of ________. a. active listening; client-centered therapy b. systematic desensitization; behavior therapy c. transference; psychoanalysis d. free association; psychoanalysis

d. free association; psychoanalysis

John was drug-free for almost six months. Then he started hanging out with his addict friends, and he has now started abusing drugs again. This is an example of ________. a. release b. reversion c. re-addiction d. relapse

d. relapse

When antipsychotic medication arrived in the 1950s, improved management of severe disorders allowed for legislation that closed large mental institutions. This movement, called de-_______, allowed people to be treated locally in their own communities.

deinstitutionalization

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, is a successful approach for treating _________ and ________ disorders.

depression and anxiety

The American Gut Project looked at stool samples and found that people with most ___ diet had most ___ gut bacteria.

diverse; diverse

Lisa said that the gut's absolute favorite food was ___ed foods, such as sauerkraut and miso (made from soybeans), which contain bacteria to seed the gut.

fermented

systematic desensitization

form of exposure therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing a person to the feared object or situation through a stimulus hierarchy ex: Gradually expose the client to an elevator while practicing relaxation techniques.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self- defeating behaviors

cognitive therapy

form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them change these irrational thoughts

Two important concepts for psychoanalysis are _________ and ___________

free association and transference

Julia did mention a lot of unknowns: We need more information about how ________ differences influence who responds and about interactions between medication and nutrients, for example, and we need to learn how long benefits last.

genetic

The treatment modality that is most widespread for people with an addiction is ___.

group therapy

Our body's bacteria play a role in our health by helping our ___ decide when to react and when not to react, along with other roles.

immune system

Often, treatment addresses comorbid (which means ___ ) disorders.

individual who has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance abuse diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia

A therapist's first visit with a client is called the ___.

intake

The two major types of therapy for mental disorders are ___ and ___.

involuntary and voluntary treatment

In counterconditioning, a patient ___.

learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior. Two counterconditioning techniques are aversive conditioning and exposure therapy.

Therapists practice in confidentiality unless the patient discloses that they ________

may harm someone

The most frequently prescribed biological treatment is ___; others include ___, ___, and ___.

medication; electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, home remedies

Our current medical model means that patients with mental disorders are typically offered ___ first, then ___, and then other forms of support.

medication; psychological therapies

What conditions have been tested with her approach (which is prescribing ____) in randomized placebo controlled trials (the gold standard for testing interventions)?

micronutrients

Rogerian (client-centered therapy)

non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance

By profession, Lisa is a ___ who has little interest in the ___ of food; instead, she is interested in ___.

nutritionist; math; food's impact on the brain

Currently, the emphasis of psychiatric hospitals is on short-term care rather than ____________ .

permanent housing

___-based food are key: More ___ and__ in the diet leads to more diversity.

plants; fruits and vegetables

___________ focuses on looking into past experiences to understand present feelings. Because psychoanalysts believe that clients must work through __________ with a therapist, they may refuse to take a client who got upset with and recently left another analyst.

psychoanalysis; transference

____________ is rarely used for psychological problems

psychosurgery

Mental health treatments are often divided into two major groups: ___

psychotherapy and biological treatments

Medications used to treat psychological disorders are called ___ medications.

psychotropic

Notice that Lisa did not say that simple changes will always cure mental disorders, but she believes that __________ is an important part of connection—the energy we need to reach out and help each other. Human beings are wired for connection, whereas the symptom of anxiety and depression is disconnection.

self care

According to Lisa, we make two important neurotransmitters in the gut: ___ and ___. When there is an imbalance of neurotransmitters in our brain then, she believes, there is frequently an imbalance of neurotransmitters in our gut.

serotonin and dopamine

Julia believes current mental treatments work in the __________ but often don't in the _________ for many people.

short term; long term

free association

the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment.

transference

the patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst

What did she mean by saying there is no such thing as cheap food?

the price is always paid somewhere, if its not at the register it's charged to the environment

nondirective therapy

therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings

behavior therapy

therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors (uses operant and classical conditioning)

structural family therapy

therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family

cultural competence

therapist's understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Describe the study of adolescents at risk for psychosis: What did they test and what were the results?

they received omega 3 fatty acids in the form of fish oil or placebo for 12 weeks. one year later, 5% of people who received fish oil converted to psychosis while 28% on placebo did (80% reduction)

Cognitive therapy, which focuses on changing ___, is often combined with behavioral approaches.

thoughts

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

type of biomedical therapy that involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression

An example of aversive conditioning would be ___.

using an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior. Therapists apply this technique to eliminate addictive behaviors, such as smoking, nail biting, and drinking. In aversion therapy, clients will typically engage in a specific behavior (such as nail biting) and at the same time are exposed to something unpleasant, such as a mild electric shock or a bad taste. After repeated associations between the unpleasant stimulus and the behavior, the client can learn to stop the unwanted behavior.