Ch. 15 Gross Anatomy of the Muscle System A&P

deltoid, vastus lateralis, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus

The __, __, __, and __ are commonly used for intramuscular injections (four muscles)

Proximal

The bulk of the tissue of a muscle tends to lie ____ to the part of the body it causes to move

Humerus, Radius, Ulna

The extrinsic muscles of the hand originate on the ___, ____, and ___.

Quadriceps

The insertion tendon of the ____ group contains a large sesamoid bone, the patella.

What would happen if ATP were suddenly unavailable after the sarcomere had begun to shorten?

The myosin heads would be unable to detach from actin.

Calcaneal

The triceps surae insert in common into the ____ tendon.

Elbow extensor

Triceps brachii

Gluteus maximus

Used to extend the hip when climbing stairs

separates the sarcomeres from each other

Z disc

In muscle physiology, the latent period refers to

a brief delay that occurs between application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction

Rectus abdominis

a major spine flexor

Fixator

a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover

The wasting away of muscle due to lack of use is known as [a] while the replacement of skeletal muscle fibers with scar tissue is known as [b].

a. muscular atrophy b. fibrosis

The synaptic end bulbs of somatic motor neurons contain synaptic vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter _________ .

acetycholine

extensor carpi ulnaris

action of muscle; location of the origin and or insertion of the muscle; location of muscle relative to bone or body region

Abductor magnus

action of the muscle; relative size of muscle

adduct the thigh, as when standing at attention

adductor group

Term for the iliopsoas during hip extensions

antagonist

Term for the triceps brachii during elbow flexion

antagonist

Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major

antagonists of the shoulder abductor

connective tissue elements extended as a broad, flat layer

aponeurosis

extends thigh and flex knee

biceps memoirs semimembranosus semitendinosus

Used to suck in your cheeks

buccinator

has an extended contraction due to prolonged calcium delivery from both the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the interstitial fluid

cardiac

has fibers joined by intercalated discs

cardiac

can be autorhythmic

cardiac and smooth

impingement syndrome

caused by repetitive movement of the arm over the head that results in inflammation of the supraspinatus tendon

pulled hamstrings

common in individuals who perform quick starts and stops; tearing away of part of the tendinous origins from the ischial tuberosity

carpal tunnel syndrome

compression of median nerve resulting in pain and numbness and in tingling in the fingers

prime mover

contracting muscle that produces the desired motion

Used to form the vertical frown crease on the forehead

corrugator supercilii

dense irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and holds functional muscle units together

deep fascia

prime mover of shoulder abduction

deltoid

Triceps brachii

elbow extensor

sheath of areolar connective tissue that wraps around individual skeletal muscle fibers

endomysium

a two-layer tube of fibrous connective tissue enclosing certain tendons

epimysium

the outermost connective tissue layer that encircles an entire skeletal muscle

epimysium

Extensor carpi radialis longus

extends and adducts the wrist

Trapezius

extends the head

Extensor digitorum

extends the wrist and digits

extends the toes

extensor digitorum longus

small, inspiratory muscles between the ribs; elevate the ribs

external intercostals

assume major responsibility for forming the abdominal girdle

external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus, rectus abdominus

compartment syndrome

external or internal pressure constricts structures in a compartment, causing a reduction of blood supply to the structures

bundles of muscle fibers

fascia

lateral compartment muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot

fibularis brevis fibularis longus

Term for the rotator cuff muscles and deltoid when the elbow is flexed and the hand grabs a tabletop to lift the table

fixator

Palmaris longus

flat muscle that is a weak wrist flexor

belly

fleshy part of the muscle

Biceps brachii

flexes the forearm and supinates the hand

Flexor hallucis longus

flexes the great toe and inverts the ankle

Flexor pollicis longus

flexes the thumb

Flexor digitorum superficialis

flexes wrist and middle phalanges

flexes the great toe and inverts the foot

flexor hallucis longus

Brachialis, brachioradialis

forearm flexors; no role in surpination (two muscles)

External and internal oblique, Transversus abdominus

forms the abdominal gridle

Raises your eyebrows for a questioning expression

frontalis

prime movers of plantar flexion of the foot

gastrocnemius soleus

used to extend the hip when climbing stairs

gluteus maximus

abduct the thigh to take the "at ease" stance

gluteus mediums tensor fasciae latae

compartment

group of muscles, along with their blood and nerves, that have a common function

strabismus

improperly aligned eyeballs due to lesions in either the oculomotor or abducens nerves

plantar fasciitis

inflammation due to chronic irritation of the plantar aponeurosis at its origin on the clacaneus; most common cause of heel pain in runners

Fibularis brevis, longus

lateral compartment muscles that plantar flex and evert the ankle

bell's palsy

paralysis of facial muscles as a result of damage to the facial nerve

prime mover for arm flexion

pectoralis major

dense irregular connective tissue that separates a muscle into groups of individual muscle fibers

perimysium

contracture

permanent shortening of a muscle due to nerve damage and scar tissue development

Tenses skin of the neck during shaving

platysma

Biceps brachii, supinator

plces the palm upward (two muscles)

groin pull

stretching or tearing of distal attachments of adductor muscles

areolar and adipose connective tissue that separates muscle from skin

subcutaneous layer

synergist for supination of hand

supinator

Term that describes the relation of brachialis to biceps brachii during elbow flexion

synergist

shin spints

tendinitis of the anterior compartment muscles of the leg; inflammation of the tibial periosteum

a cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to the periosteum of bone

tendon

Platysma

tenses skin of the neck during shaving

During muscle contraction all of the following occur except

the thick filaments slide inward toward the M line

prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot

tibialis anterior

prime mover of inversion of the foot

tibialis posterior

Which of the following muscle proteins and their descriptions are mismatched?

titin: regulatory protein that holds troponin in place

invaginations of the sarcolemma from the surface toward the center of the muscle fiber

transverse (T) tubules

extends the head

trapezius

The ability of muscle cells to respond to stimuli and produce electrical signals is known as excitability.

true

External intercostals

small, inspiratory muscles between the ribs; elevate the ribs

can be classified as single-unit or multiunit

smooth

contraction begins slowly but lasts for long periods

smooth

thick and thin filaments are not arranged as orderly sarcomeres

smooth

uses calmodulin as a regulatory protein

smooth

uses pericytes to repair damaged muscle fibers

smooth

Match the key terms to the muscles and movements described below

...

Which of the following are sources of ATP for muscle contraction? (1) creatine phosphate, (2) glycolysis, (3) anaerobic cellular respiration, (4) aerobic cellular respiration, (5) acetylcholine

1, 2, 3, and 4

middle area in the sarcomere where thick and thin filaments are found

A band

Adductor group

Adduct the thigh, as when standing at attention

flexes the forearm and supinates the hand

Biceps brachii

Forearm flexor; no role in supination (two muscles)

Brachialis, brachioradialis

Used to pout (pulls the corners of the mouth downward)

Depressor anguli oris

Semitendinosus,Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris

Extend thigh and flex knee

Rectus femoris

Extends knee and flexes thigh

Extensor digitorum longus

Extends the toes

Extends and abducts the wrist

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extends the wrist and digits

Extensor digitorum

Power wrist flexor and abductor

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexes wrist and middle phalanges

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Flexes the thumb

Flexor pollicies longus

area of only thick filaments

H zone

area in the sarcomere where only thin filaments are present but thick filaments are not

I band

Which of the following is not true concerning muscle fiber length-tension relationships?

If sarcomeres shorten, the tension in them increases

Gluteus maximus

Location of the origin and/or insertion of the muscle

composed of supporting proteins holding thick filaments together at the H zone

M line

Tibialis posterior

Major foot inverter

Anterior; Posterior; Knee

Most flexor muscles are located on the ____ aspect of the body; most extensors are located ____. An exception to this generalization is the extensor-flexor musculature of the ____.

Flat muscle that is a weak wrist flexor; tenses skin of the palm

Polaris longus

Tibialis anterior

Prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot

Gastrocnemius, Soleus

Prime movers of ankle plantar flexion

Term for the Gluteus maximus during hip extension when walking up stairs

Primer mover agonist

Term for the biceps brachii during elbow flexion

Primer mover agonist

Pronate the hand (two muscles)

Pronator quadratus, pronator teres

prime mover for arm extension

latissimus dorsi

important in shoulder adduction; antagonists of the shoulder abductor (two muscles)

latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major

transversus abdominis

location of muscle relative to a bone or body region direction in which the muscle fibers run relative to some imaginary line

External oblique

location of the muscle relative to a bone or body region; direction in which the muscle fibers run relative to some imaginary line

Rectus femoris

location of the muscle relative to a bone or body region; direction in which the muscle fibers run relative to some imaginary line

Prime mover to raise the mandible

masseter

urinary stress incontinence

may occur as a result of injury to levator ani muscle

A single somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates is known as a _________ .

motor unit

Gluteus medius, Tensor faciae latae

move the thigh latterally to take the "at ease" stance

Serratus anterior

moves the scapula foward and downward

elongated muscle cell

muscle fiber

synergist

muscle that contracts to stabilize intermediate joints

antagonist

muscle that stretchs to allow desired motion

oxygen-binding protein found only in muscle fibers

myoglobin

synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

neuromuscular junction

Biceps femoris

number of origins; location of muscle relative to a bone or body region

Used in blinking and squinting

orbicularis occuli

Your "kisser"

orbicularis oris

tenosynovitis

painful inflammation of tendons, tendon sheathes, and synovial membranes of joints

Flexor carpi radialis

power wrist flexor and abductor

Latissimus dorsi

prime mover for pulling the arm posteriorly, pulls the shoulder backward and downward

Pectoralis major

prime mover for shoulder flexsion

Deltoid

prime mover of shoulder abduction

Masseter

prime mover to raise the lower jawbone

Pronator quadratus, teres

pronate the hand (two muscles)

Rhomboids

pull the scapulae medially

Frontalis

raises your eyebrows for a questioning expression

a major spine flexor

rectus abdominus

extends knee and flexes thigh

rectus femoris

pull the scapula medially

rhomboids

inguinal hernia

rupture of a portion of the inguinal area of the abdominal wall resulting in protrusion of part of the small intestine

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

sacroplasm

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

sarcolemma

the contracting unit of a skeletal muscle fiber

sarcomere

Ca2+-storing tubular system similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum

sarcoplasmic reticulum

myoblasts that persist in mature skeletal muscle

satellite cells

moves the scapula forward and rotates scapula upwards

serratus anterior

trapezius

shape of muscle

insertion

site of muscle attachment to a movable bone

origin

site of muscle attachment to a stationary bone

does not exhibit autorhythmicity

skeletal

uses satellite cells to repair damaged muscle fibers

skeletal

striated

skeletal and cardiac

uses troponin as a regulatory protein

skeletal and cardiac

The sequence of events resulting in skeletal muscle contraction are (a) generation of a nerve impulse, (b) release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, (c) generation of a muscle action potential, (d) release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (e) calcium ion binding to the troponin-tropomyosin complex, (f) power stroke with actin and myosin binding and release.

true

Orbicularis oculi

used in blinking and squinting

Zygomaticus major and minor

used in smiling

Corrugator supercilii

used to form the vertical frown crease on the forehead

Depressor anguli oris

used to pout

Buccinator

used to suck your cheeks

Orbicularis oris

your "kisser"

Used in smiling

zygomaticus major and minor