Ch. 15 Gross Anatomy of the Muscle System A&P
deltoid, vastus lateralis, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus
The __, __, __, and __ are commonly used for intramuscular injections (four muscles)
Proximal
The bulk of the tissue of a muscle tends to lie ____ to the part of the body it causes to move
Humerus, Radius, Ulna
The extrinsic muscles of the hand originate on the ___, ____, and ___.
Quadriceps
The insertion tendon of the ____ group contains a large sesamoid bone, the patella.
What would happen if ATP were suddenly unavailable after the sarcomere had begun to shorten?
The myosin heads would be unable to detach from actin.
Calcaneal
The triceps surae insert in common into the ____ tendon.
Elbow extensor
Triceps brachii
Gluteus maximus
Used to extend the hip when climbing stairs
separates the sarcomeres from each other
Z disc
In muscle physiology, the latent period refers to
a brief delay that occurs between application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction
Rectus abdominis
a major spine flexor
Fixator
a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover
The wasting away of muscle due to lack of use is known as [a] while the replacement of skeletal muscle fibers with scar tissue is known as [b].
a. muscular atrophy b. fibrosis
The synaptic end bulbs of somatic motor neurons contain synaptic vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter _________ .
acetycholine
extensor carpi ulnaris
action of muscle; location of the origin and or insertion of the muscle; location of muscle relative to bone or body region
Abductor magnus
action of the muscle; relative size of muscle
adduct the thigh, as when standing at attention
adductor group
Term for the iliopsoas during hip extensions
antagonist
Term for the triceps brachii during elbow flexion
antagonist
Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major
antagonists of the shoulder abductor
connective tissue elements extended as a broad, flat layer
aponeurosis
extends thigh and flex knee
biceps memoirs semimembranosus semitendinosus
Used to suck in your cheeks
buccinator
has an extended contraction due to prolonged calcium delivery from both the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the interstitial fluid
cardiac
has fibers joined by intercalated discs
cardiac
can be autorhythmic
cardiac and smooth
impingement syndrome
caused by repetitive movement of the arm over the head that results in inflammation of the supraspinatus tendon
pulled hamstrings
common in individuals who perform quick starts and stops; tearing away of part of the tendinous origins from the ischial tuberosity
carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of median nerve resulting in pain and numbness and in tingling in the fingers
prime mover
contracting muscle that produces the desired motion
Used to form the vertical frown crease on the forehead
corrugator supercilii
dense irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and holds functional muscle units together
deep fascia
prime mover of shoulder abduction
deltoid
Triceps brachii
elbow extensor
sheath of areolar connective tissue that wraps around individual skeletal muscle fibers
endomysium
a two-layer tube of fibrous connective tissue enclosing certain tendons
epimysium
the outermost connective tissue layer that encircles an entire skeletal muscle
epimysium
Extensor carpi radialis longus
extends and adducts the wrist
Trapezius
extends the head
Extensor digitorum
extends the wrist and digits
extends the toes
extensor digitorum longus
small, inspiratory muscles between the ribs; elevate the ribs
external intercostals
assume major responsibility for forming the abdominal girdle
external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus, rectus abdominus
compartment syndrome
external or internal pressure constricts structures in a compartment, causing a reduction of blood supply to the structures
bundles of muscle fibers
fascia
lateral compartment muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot
fibularis brevis fibularis longus
Term for the rotator cuff muscles and deltoid when the elbow is flexed and the hand grabs a tabletop to lift the table
fixator
Palmaris longus
flat muscle that is a weak wrist flexor
belly
fleshy part of the muscle
Biceps brachii
flexes the forearm and supinates the hand
Flexor hallucis longus
flexes the great toe and inverts the ankle
Flexor pollicis longus
flexes the thumb
Flexor digitorum superficialis
flexes wrist and middle phalanges
flexes the great toe and inverts the foot
flexor hallucis longus
Brachialis, brachioradialis
forearm flexors; no role in surpination (two muscles)
External and internal oblique, Transversus abdominus
forms the abdominal gridle
Raises your eyebrows for a questioning expression
frontalis
prime movers of plantar flexion of the foot
gastrocnemius soleus
used to extend the hip when climbing stairs
gluteus maximus
abduct the thigh to take the "at ease" stance
gluteus mediums tensor fasciae latae
compartment
group of muscles, along with their blood and nerves, that have a common function
strabismus
improperly aligned eyeballs due to lesions in either the oculomotor or abducens nerves
plantar fasciitis
inflammation due to chronic irritation of the plantar aponeurosis at its origin on the clacaneus; most common cause of heel pain in runners
Fibularis brevis, longus
lateral compartment muscles that plantar flex and evert the ankle
bell's palsy
paralysis of facial muscles as a result of damage to the facial nerve
prime mover for arm flexion
pectoralis major
dense irregular connective tissue that separates a muscle into groups of individual muscle fibers
perimysium
contracture
permanent shortening of a muscle due to nerve damage and scar tissue development
Tenses skin of the neck during shaving
platysma
Biceps brachii, supinator
plces the palm upward (two muscles)
groin pull
stretching or tearing of distal attachments of adductor muscles
areolar and adipose connective tissue that separates muscle from skin
subcutaneous layer
synergist for supination of hand
supinator
Term that describes the relation of brachialis to biceps brachii during elbow flexion
synergist
shin spints
tendinitis of the anterior compartment muscles of the leg; inflammation of the tibial periosteum
a cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to the periosteum of bone
tendon
Platysma
tenses skin of the neck during shaving
During muscle contraction all of the following occur except
the thick filaments slide inward toward the M line
prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot
tibialis anterior
prime mover of inversion of the foot
tibialis posterior
Which of the following muscle proteins and their descriptions are mismatched?
titin: regulatory protein that holds troponin in place
invaginations of the sarcolemma from the surface toward the center of the muscle fiber
transverse (T) tubules
extends the head
trapezius
The ability of muscle cells to respond to stimuli and produce electrical signals is known as excitability.
true
External intercostals
small, inspiratory muscles between the ribs; elevate the ribs
can be classified as single-unit or multiunit
smooth
contraction begins slowly but lasts for long periods
smooth
thick and thin filaments are not arranged as orderly sarcomeres
smooth
uses calmodulin as a regulatory protein
smooth
uses pericytes to repair damaged muscle fibers
smooth
Match the key terms to the muscles and movements described below
...
Which of the following are sources of ATP for muscle contraction? (1) creatine phosphate, (2) glycolysis, (3) anaerobic cellular respiration, (4) aerobic cellular respiration, (5) acetylcholine
1, 2, 3, and 4
middle area in the sarcomere where thick and thin filaments are found
A band
Adductor group
Adduct the thigh, as when standing at attention
flexes the forearm and supinates the hand
Biceps brachii
Forearm flexor; no role in supination (two muscles)
Brachialis, brachioradialis
Used to pout (pulls the corners of the mouth downward)
Depressor anguli oris
Semitendinosus,Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris
Extend thigh and flex knee
Rectus femoris
Extends knee and flexes thigh
Extensor digitorum longus
Extends the toes
Extends and abducts the wrist
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extends the wrist and digits
Extensor digitorum
Power wrist flexor and abductor
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexes wrist and middle phalanges
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexes the thumb
Flexor pollicies longus
area of only thick filaments
H zone
area in the sarcomere where only thin filaments are present but thick filaments are not
I band
Which of the following is not true concerning muscle fiber length-tension relationships?
If sarcomeres shorten, the tension in them increases
Gluteus maximus
Location of the origin and/or insertion of the muscle
composed of supporting proteins holding thick filaments together at the H zone
M line
Tibialis posterior
Major foot inverter
Anterior; Posterior; Knee
Most flexor muscles are located on the ____ aspect of the body; most extensors are located ____. An exception to this generalization is the extensor-flexor musculature of the ____.
Flat muscle that is a weak wrist flexor; tenses skin of the palm
Polaris longus
Tibialis anterior
Prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot
Gastrocnemius, Soleus
Prime movers of ankle plantar flexion
Term for the Gluteus maximus during hip extension when walking up stairs
Primer mover agonist
Term for the biceps brachii during elbow flexion
Primer mover agonist
Pronate the hand (two muscles)
Pronator quadratus, pronator teres
prime mover for arm extension
latissimus dorsi
important in shoulder adduction; antagonists of the shoulder abductor (two muscles)
latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major
transversus abdominis
location of muscle relative to a bone or body region direction in which the muscle fibers run relative to some imaginary line
External oblique
location of the muscle relative to a bone or body region; direction in which the muscle fibers run relative to some imaginary line
Rectus femoris
location of the muscle relative to a bone or body region; direction in which the muscle fibers run relative to some imaginary line
Prime mover to raise the mandible
masseter
urinary stress incontinence
may occur as a result of injury to levator ani muscle
A single somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates is known as a _________ .
motor unit
Gluteus medius, Tensor faciae latae
move the thigh latterally to take the "at ease" stance
Serratus anterior
moves the scapula foward and downward
elongated muscle cell
muscle fiber
synergist
muscle that contracts to stabilize intermediate joints
antagonist
muscle that stretchs to allow desired motion
oxygen-binding protein found only in muscle fibers
myoglobin
synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
Biceps femoris
number of origins; location of muscle relative to a bone or body region
Used in blinking and squinting
orbicularis occuli
Your "kisser"
orbicularis oris
tenosynovitis
painful inflammation of tendons, tendon sheathes, and synovial membranes of joints
Flexor carpi radialis
power wrist flexor and abductor
Latissimus dorsi
prime mover for pulling the arm posteriorly, pulls the shoulder backward and downward
Pectoralis major
prime mover for shoulder flexsion
Deltoid
prime mover of shoulder abduction
Masseter
prime mover to raise the lower jawbone
Pronator quadratus, teres
pronate the hand (two muscles)
Rhomboids
pull the scapulae medially
Frontalis
raises your eyebrows for a questioning expression
a major spine flexor
rectus abdominus
extends knee and flexes thigh
rectus femoris
pull the scapula medially
rhomboids
inguinal hernia
rupture of a portion of the inguinal area of the abdominal wall resulting in protrusion of part of the small intestine
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
sacroplasm
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
sarcolemma
the contracting unit of a skeletal muscle fiber
sarcomere
Ca2+-storing tubular system similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
sarcoplasmic reticulum
myoblasts that persist in mature skeletal muscle
satellite cells
moves the scapula forward and rotates scapula upwards
serratus anterior
trapezius
shape of muscle
insertion
site of muscle attachment to a movable bone
origin
site of muscle attachment to a stationary bone
does not exhibit autorhythmicity
skeletal
uses satellite cells to repair damaged muscle fibers
skeletal
striated
skeletal and cardiac
uses troponin as a regulatory protein
skeletal and cardiac
The sequence of events resulting in skeletal muscle contraction are (a) generation of a nerve impulse, (b) release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, (c) generation of a muscle action potential, (d) release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (e) calcium ion binding to the troponin-tropomyosin complex, (f) power stroke with actin and myosin binding and release.
true
Orbicularis oculi
used in blinking and squinting
Zygomaticus major and minor
used in smiling
Corrugator supercilii
used to form the vertical frown crease on the forehead
Depressor anguli oris
used to pout
Buccinator
used to suck your cheeks
Orbicularis oris
your "kisser"
Used in smiling
zygomaticus major and minor