Ch 15

The most successful adaptation for living on a sedimentcovered shore is:

burrowing into the sediment.

Which of the following organisms attach themselves to rocks or the seafloor with threads, adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet to anchor themselves?

kelp sea stars snails mussels

Which of the following organisms have the ability to exist in varied temperature, salinity, pH, and lowoxygen environments for extended periods?

limpets snails mussels

The distribution of benthic biomass is related to

primary productivity.

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.

0.5%; 25%

Where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?

20-50 meters water depth

At what water depth are delicate plate corals common?

50-150 meters (164-492 feet)

Most reefbuilding corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae.

90%

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________.

Archaea

Which of the following chemical formulas represents a sugar molecule?

C6H12O6

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sedimentcovered shores, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches. Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product

Which of the following statements is/are true of corals?

Corals are animals. Corals are benthic organisms. Corals live in tropical water.

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers?

Lost City

Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true?

Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment. The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf. High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity.

Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone

Predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone

Predators

How did the discovery of hydrothermal vent communities in the 1970s change our understanding of life in the ocean?

Prior to this discovery it was thought that all life, even life in the deep ocean, depended on photosynthetic primary producers in the surface ocean. Prior to this discovery, chemosynthesis was unknown at hydrothermal vents. Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were photosynthetic.

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?

Sea Anemones

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?

Sea stars

Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp?

Sea urchins

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?

Serpentinization

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of the deepocean floor are true? Choose all that apply

Species diversity in the deep ocean can rival that of tropical rain forests. Only about 1% to 3% of the food produced in the euphotic zone reaches the deepocean floor. Even in tropical latitudes, water temperatures in the deep ocean are near freezing Deepocean communities exist in the bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones.

The diversity pattern of reefbuilding coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following?

The past positions of the continents

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deepocean is incorrect?

The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deepocean floor.

In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide.

In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out

Which of the following statements regarding corals and algae is/are true?

Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic. The lithothamnion ridge is covered in a red algae called lithothamnion. Zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship. Zooxanthellae provide corals with food.

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.

Which of the following organisms is/are mentioned in the SmartFigure video as being common on the reef flat?

anemones fine branching and soft corals echinoderms

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

buckshot barnacles and limpets.

The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters

chlorophyll

Which of the following organisms adapt to limited space by attaching to other organisms?

corals barnacles bryozoans limpets

Which of the following is/are examples of benthic organisms?

crabs coral clams

Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are:

dinoflagellates.

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.

elevated temperatures

Two dominant organisms commonly found at midwater levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:

goosenecked barnacles and mussels

Where do chemosynthesizers live?

hot water springs hydrothermal vents midocean ridges

The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________.

humans

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called:

meiofauna.

Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis? Choose all that appl

midocean ridges associated with black smokers areas where highsalinity waters percolate from the sea floor subduction zones where methane from the decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane

Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________.

mud flats

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?

mud flats

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is

nutrients

What are benthic organisms?

organisms that live in or on the seafloor

Which of the following are common to both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis?

oxygen carbon dioxide sugar water

Chlorophyll concentration is a direct measurement of what in the ocean?

primary productivity

The lowwater portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by

red and brown algae and surf grasses.

The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the _________.

sea urchin

In a tidepools area such as that shown in the video, what is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?

spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone

Which of the following adaptations help organisms avoid predation?

stinging cells hard shell camouflage inking response

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

sulfuroxidizing archaea.

Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival?

suspended sediment fishing boat collisions scuba and snorkeling

The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________.

the productivity of the surface layer above it

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deepocean floor.

thousand