CH 17-18

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the 18th century was

Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.

Deism is the belief that

God created the universe but does not actively run it.

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

Paris

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

The emergence of "the science of man."

European intellectual life in the 18th century was marked by

The emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

According to The Social Contract, the "general will" was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instructions

accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.

By the end of the 18th century

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline

Those rulers associated with the enlightened absolutism in the 18th century

could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time

During the second half of the 18th century

double that of the first half of the century

European society in the 18th century witnessed

earlier marriages

High culture in 18th century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of the publishing industry.

All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the 18th century except

international trade had become greater than trade within Europe.

European warfare in the 18th century was characterized by

limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.

France in the 18th century

lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of

magazines for the general public.

The European peasantry in the 18th century

often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.

The Austrian emperor Joseph II

provoked the general discontent due to his enlightened but radical reforms

The punishment of crime in the 18th century was often

public and very gruesome.

The dismemberment of Poland in the late 18th century

showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.

In the 18th century, churches, both Catholic and Protestant

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed

the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.

A continuing trend in the 18th century Prussia was

the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility.

The French philosophes

were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.