Ch 17
How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
0
A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?
Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.
Describe several main differences in the communication methods used by the endocrine system and the nervous system.
The endocrine system uses chemical signals called hormones to convey information from one part of the body to a distant part of the body. Hormones are released from the endocrine cell into the extracellular environment, but then travel in the bloodstream to target tissues. This communication and response can take seconds to days. In contrast, neurons transmit electrical signals along their axons. At the axon terminal, the electrical signal prompts the release of a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter that carries the message across the synaptic cleft to elicit a response in the neighboring cell. This method of communication is nearly instantaneous, of very brief duration, and is highly specific.
True or false: Neurotransmitters are a special class of paracrines. Explain your answer.
True. Neurotransmitters can be classified as paracrines because, upon their release from a neuron's axon terminals, they travel across a microscopically small cleft to exert their effect on a nearby neuron or muscle cell.
Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by ________.
abnormally high levels of cortisol
Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.
active transport
Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?
all of the above
What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during theactivation of liver cells by epinephrine?
cAMP
What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?
chromaffin cells
Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores?
cortisol
In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.
decreased basal metabolic rate
Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.
development of T cells
Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?
fractures
which hypothalamic hormone contributes to the regulation of the male reproductive system
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
hormones that directly activate genes are classified as
lipid soluble
The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.
prepare the breasts for lactation
A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.
thyroid hormone
Which hormone is released by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland?
thyroid stimulating hormone
what should you avoid in the middle of your sleep cycle that would lower melatonin?
turning on the lights
endocrine glands
Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood
Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
TSH
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?
antidiuretic hormone
the walls of the atria produce which hormone?
atrial natriuretic peptide
Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.
blood oxygen levels
The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.
exposure to bright light
The end result of the RAAS is to ________.
increase blood pressure
The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?
oral ectoderm
Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.
paracrine
what two ions are most affected by aldosterone
sodium and potassium
The development of a goiter indicates that ________.
there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in
Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.
Endocrine glands are ductless. They release their secretion into the surrounding fluid, from which it enters the bloodstream or lymph to travel to distant cells. Moreover, the secretions of endocrine glands are hormones. Exocrine glands release their secretions through a duct that delivers the secretion to the target location. Moreover, the secretions of exocrine glands are not hormones, but compounds that have an immediate physiologic function. For example, pancreatic juice contains enzymes that help digest food.
Which of the following statements about insulin is true?
Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.
TSH from the anterior pituitary
If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?
glucagon
The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?
inhibin
What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 2 diabetes?
insulin is overproduced
The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?
kidneys
The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of
nerve axons
A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?
neural
What cells secrete melatonin?
pinealocytes
Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?
reduced mental activity
Endocrine glands ________.
secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
target cells respond to water soluble hormones because the presence of _____ on the cell membrane surface
specific receptors
The gonads produce what class of hormones?
steroid hormones
When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.
the activity of osteoclasts
