Ch 17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, The Dark side of Emotion

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by autonomic and somatic nervous systems are

parallel processes

On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted

A) The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. B) There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state D) both A and B

In rats, boxing is

A) a defensive behavior. B) directed at attacking conspecifics. D) both A and B

A major difference in the physiological reaction to physical versus psychological stressors is that only physical stressors

A) activate the adrenal medulla. B) activate the adrenal cortex. C) increase blood pressure. D) increase epinephrine levels. E) none of the above

Which of the following structures is part of the limbic system?

A) amygdala B) cingulate cortex C) septum D) mammillary body E) all of the above

Glucocorticoids are released from the

A) anterior pituitary. B) adrenal medulla. C) thymus. D) both A and B E) none of the above

Gastric ulcers

A) are lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. B) are more common in people living in stressful situations. C) have been produced in experimental animals by exposure to stress. D) All of the above

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

A) are parallel processes. B) have no direct causal relation. C) are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli. D) all of the above

Sham rage is displayed by

A) decorticate cats. C) cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed. E) both A and C

An important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is

A) dependent on testosterone

Darwin believed that

A) expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. B) expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. C) opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures D) all of the above

The evidence that testosterone affects the aggressive behavior of humans is inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

A) hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species. B) the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species. C) testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone D) all of the above

Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research have focused on the role of two brain structures in emotion: the

A) hypothalamus and amygdala. B) medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.

The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks

A) indicate that somantic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary from the experience of emotion B) are in consistent with the James-Lange theory D) Both A and B

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A) is released by the anterior pituitary. B) activates the adrenal cortex. C) increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. D) all of the above

The dominant male rat of a colony

A) is the alpha male. B) usually moves sideways toward a male intruder. C) usually directs lateral attacks at male intruders. D) usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder. E) all of the above

Stressors produce major increases in the release of

A) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex. B) epinephrine from the adrenal cortex. C) glucocorticoids from the adrenal medulla. D) all of the above E) none of the above

The fact that social aggression in many mammalian species (e.g., mice) occurs more frequently between males than between females is often attributed to the

A) organizational effects of testosterone. B) activations effects of testosterone D) both A and B

Functional brain imaging studies of the role of human medial prefrontal cortex in emotion have often employed

A) suppression paradigms. C) reappraisal paradigms. E) both A and C

The defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of

A) their topography B) the situations in which they occur. C) their apparent function. D) all of the above

Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people ex periencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that

A) there are six primary facial expressions of emotion. B) many facial expressions of emotion are mixtures of the six primary expressions E) both A and B

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A) was first demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy. B) was first demonstrated in monkeys. C) has been observed in humans. D) all of the above

The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions

A) was published in 1872 B) was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals C) introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression. D) all of the above

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the

Amygdala

Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression?

B) Ekman

Which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion?

B) There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion. C) Similar patterns of brain activity occur when person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion. E) both B and C

The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called

B) the Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to

C) have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects

Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________did not.

C) medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex

The James - Lange and Cannon - Bard theories make __________predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience.

Different

The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the

Duchenne smile.

The concept of a generalized stress response was developed by

Hans Selye

The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and

Lange.

The results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear be playing with mice are, in fact,

Vacillating between attack and defense.

Each amygdala is

a cluster of many nuclei.

Ronda was threatened by a robber so she kicked him. Her response is an example of

a defensive attack.

26) Which of the following is not a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

aggression

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.

Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________block auditory fear conditioning.

amygdala

The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the

amygdala.

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of

antithesis.

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects

arousal

Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds?

auditory cortex

During a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the

back of the neck.

In the rat, the target site for social aggression is the

back, near the base of the tail.

Urbach-Wiethe disease is associated with

bilateral calcification of the amygdala.

Illustrated here is the limbic system. The indicated structure is the

cingulate gyrus.

An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of ___________, which play a role in inflammation and fever

cytokines

In rats, boxing is

defensive

Fear is the motivating force for

defensive behaviors.

Each facial expression _____________ on the left side of the face.

develops sooner

28) According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce___________patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

different

A mirror-like system is thought to be the neural mechanism of

empathy

"Limbic" means

"border."

According to the James-Lange theory, the produced

experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli.

The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the

facial feedback hypothesis.

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the

facial feedback hypothesis.

H. pylori has been implicated as a causal factor in

gastric ulcers.

The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating

glucocorticoids.

Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the

guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible.

Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context?

hippocampus

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral responses to threat via the _________ respectively

hypothalamus and PAG

Bard's research on sham rage led him to conclude that the

hypothalamus plays a critical I role in the expression of aggression

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other structures of the

hypothalamus.

In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that effectively

increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor

The Duchenne smile

involves the orbicularis oculi

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the

lateral nucleus.

Polygraphy is commonly referred to as

lie detection.

Illustrated here is the

limbic system.

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the

limbic system.

39) Which of the following is not one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions?

lust

In most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between

male conspecifics.

The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called

microexpressions.

Because it is difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the

mock-crime procedure

Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their

mouse killing.

The human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in the

perception of fear in others.

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by

pointing their beaks away from one another.

Phineas Gage had damage to his medial

prefrontal lobes

Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling

pride.

Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called

psychosomatic disorders.

Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty

recognizing facial expressions of fear

Studies of the septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as

septal defensiveness

Decorticate cats display

sham rage.

In rats, lateral attack is a component of

social aggression

Which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species?

social aggression

Subordination stressis most readily investigated in species that form

stable dominance hierarchies

In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals

submission.

The relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing

subordination stress.

Here is a summary of the two-system view of the stress response. Which label is missing?

sympathetic nervous system

The adrenal cortex was identified by Selye as important in the stress response; today's theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the

sympathetic nervous system

The limbic system rings the

thalamus.

Blanchard and Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using.

the colony intruder model of aggression and defense

The results of Ekman and Friesen 's (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested that

the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures. people

Research on the lateralization of emotion in humans using functional brain imaging suggests that the degree to which it is lateralized to the right hemisphere depends on

the particular brain structure under investigation.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce ___________patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

the same

The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as

the stress response.

Fear is the emotional reaction to

threat.

The areas of the cortex that control emotion seem to

vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person.

The muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the

zygomaticus major