Photosynthesis

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) the main energy source for all cells; a molecule that is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes

granum

1 stack of thylakoids

RuBP

5-carbon sugar that CO2 is attached to when it enters the light independent (dark) reaction.

ATP Synthase

A large channel protein/enzyme that uses energy from H+ ions (proton motive force) to bind ADP to an inorganic phosphate to produce ATP

Photosystem 1 (PS1)

A light capturing protein complex in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast; reduces NADP+ to NADPH.

Photosystem 2 (PS2)

A light capturing protein complex in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast; splits water into electrons, protons, and oxygen gas.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate that is converted to ATP for energy storage

NADPH

An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis, which provides the high-energy electrons for the fixation of carbon dioxide into sugar in the Calvin cycle.

Calvin cycle

Another name for the light independent reaction or dark reactions.

light-independent reaction are also called

Calvin Cycle, named after Melvin Calvin who discovered these reactions or dark reactions

thylakoid membrane

Contains pigments, photosystems, ATP synthase, and an electron transport train and is responsible for the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

What does the chloroplast need from water?

Electrons!!!

carbon dioxide

Gas that diffuses into leaves through stomata and combines with RuBP in the first part of the Calvin cycle

Thylakoid space

H+ ions build up here (aka-lumen); inside a thylakoid

Oxygen

Released to the atmosphere via diffusion when water is split in PS2

Rubisco

Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate).

glucose

Sugar, Manufactured during photosynthesis, Main source of energy for plants and animals, Metabolized during cellular respiration; made from 2 molecules of G3P

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

The carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle

stroma

The solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast; Calvin cycle happens here

Water

This is split in PS2, called photolysis

ATP

Used in the light independent (dark) reaction to rearrange a 3 carbon sugar, and to regenerate RuBP from G3P.

photon

a tiny particle or packet of light energy

water and Carbon dioxide

besides light energy what 2 things do the cells need to make sugar?

What molecules are NEEDED for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide and water

reactants of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and water

What pigment makes plants green?

chlorophyll

H+ concentration gradient

diffuse down their concentration gradient to spin ATP Synthase to convert ADP -> ATP

light energy in photosynthesis

energy from the sun that is used by plants to produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis; visible light is used

What molecules are PRODUCED in photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

products of photosynthesis

glucose and oxygen

chlorophyll

green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis; located in the reaction center of photosystems

Describe the proton gradient in the chloroplast

high concentration of H+ in the lumen and low concentration of H+ in the stroma

energy source for photosythesis

light

Electron Transport Chain

moves high energy electrons from PS2 and PS1 and uses the lost energy from the electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid lumen/space

Grana

multiple stacks of thylakoids

NADPH

one of the energy carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll a to other molecules; an electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the Calvin cycle stage of photosynthesis

chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms like green algae that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

chloroplast

organelle where photosynthesis occurs

Calvin Cycle / Light Independent reactions

plants use ATP, NADPH and CO2 to produce high-energy sugars such as glucose

ATP + NADPH

products of light reaction that go to the light-independent reaction

ADP/P + NADP+

products of the light-independent reaction that go to the light-dependent reaction

Energy in movement of energized e- is used to:

push H+'S from the stroma into the lumen through a proton pump

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars (ex: G3P)

light dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light and water to produce ATP, NADPH and oxygen that is released into the atmosphere

Light Dependent Reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to split water, produce ATP, NADPH, and molecular oxygen

thylakoids

sac-like photosynthetic "coin" like structure where the light reactions occur

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

stroma

photosynthesis

the process that autotrophs use to convert sunlight into food (glucose)

electron transport chain

the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane; one of the proteins is a proton pump

Where do light dependent reactions take place?

within the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast