Photosynthesis
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) the main energy source for all cells; a molecule that is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes
granum
1 stack of thylakoids
RuBP
5-carbon sugar that CO2 is attached to when it enters the light independent (dark) reaction.
ATP Synthase
A large channel protein/enzyme that uses energy from H+ ions (proton motive force) to bind ADP to an inorganic phosphate to produce ATP
Photosystem 1 (PS1)
A light capturing protein complex in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast; reduces NADP+ to NADPH.
Photosystem 2 (PS2)
A light capturing protein complex in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast; splits water into electrons, protons, and oxygen gas.
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate that is converted to ATP for energy storage
NADPH
An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis, which provides the high-energy electrons for the fixation of carbon dioxide into sugar in the Calvin cycle.
Calvin cycle
Another name for the light independent reaction or dark reactions.
light-independent reaction are also called
Calvin Cycle, named after Melvin Calvin who discovered these reactions or dark reactions
thylakoid membrane
Contains pigments, photosystems, ATP synthase, and an electron transport train and is responsible for the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
What does the chloroplast need from water?
Electrons!!!
carbon dioxide
Gas that diffuses into leaves through stomata and combines with RuBP in the first part of the Calvin cycle
Thylakoid space
H+ ions build up here (aka-lumen); inside a thylakoid
Oxygen
Released to the atmosphere via diffusion when water is split in PS2
Rubisco
Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate).
glucose
Sugar, Manufactured during photosynthesis, Main source of energy for plants and animals, Metabolized during cellular respiration; made from 2 molecules of G3P
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
The carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle
stroma
The solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast; Calvin cycle happens here
Water
This is split in PS2, called photolysis
ATP
Used in the light independent (dark) reaction to rearrange a 3 carbon sugar, and to regenerate RuBP from G3P.
photon
a tiny particle or packet of light energy
water and Carbon dioxide
besides light energy what 2 things do the cells need to make sugar?
What molecules are NEEDED for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide and water
reactants of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water
What pigment makes plants green?
chlorophyll
H+ concentration gradient
diffuse down their concentration gradient to spin ATP Synthase to convert ADP -> ATP
light energy in photosynthesis
energy from the sun that is used by plants to produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis; visible light is used
What molecules are PRODUCED in photosynthesis?
glucose and oxygen
products of photosynthesis
glucose and oxygen
chlorophyll
green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis; located in the reaction center of photosystems
Describe the proton gradient in the chloroplast
high concentration of H+ in the lumen and low concentration of H+ in the stroma
energy source for photosythesis
light
Electron Transport Chain
moves high energy electrons from PS2 and PS1 and uses the lost energy from the electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid lumen/space
Grana
multiple stacks of thylakoids
NADPH
one of the energy carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll a to other molecules; an electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the Calvin cycle stage of photosynthesis
chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms like green algae that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
chloroplast
organelle where photosynthesis occurs
Calvin Cycle / Light Independent reactions
plants use ATP, NADPH and CO2 to produce high-energy sugars such as glucose
ATP + NADPH
products of light reaction that go to the light-independent reaction
ADP/P + NADP+
products of the light-independent reaction that go to the light-dependent reaction
Energy in movement of energized e- is used to:
push H+'S from the stroma into the lumen through a proton pump
Calvin Cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars (ex: G3P)
light dependent reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light and water to produce ATP, NADPH and oxygen that is released into the atmosphere
Light Dependent Reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to split water, produce ATP, NADPH, and molecular oxygen
thylakoids
sac-like photosynthetic "coin" like structure where the light reactions occur
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
stroma
photosynthesis
the process that autotrophs use to convert sunlight into food (glucose)
electron transport chain
the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane; one of the proteins is a proton pump
Where do light dependent reactions take place?
within the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast