Ch. 17 Qs

Why is O'Sullivan confident that a railroad will soon be built connecting the west coast of the United States to the Mississippi Valley?

1) A railroad is necessary to bind together the eastern and western reaches of the United States. 2) It will be easy to entice European workers to come to America to build a railroad.

Granting people the right to vote was a way of consolidating and legitimizing the power of the nation-state. However, this right was only extended to some residents of nation-states. Which of these groups freely exercised the right to vote in the years indicated?

1) A small minority of Japan's male population after the adoption of the constitution (1889) 2) All adult German men during the Second Reich (1871)

How did European control over African and Asian colonies contribute to European wealth?

1) Colonies imported manufactured goods from their imperial powers, providing markets for European manufactures. 2) Colonies provided raw materials, like cotton, rubber, and palm oil that European powers then manufactured into finished goods.

How were limited-liability joint-stock companies, technological developments, and European and American expansion into Africa and Asia connected to one another?

1) Companies and new technologies made it possible and profitable to acquire African and Asian territories and extract raw materials from them. 2) As companies' manufacturing capacity grew, they sought greater access to markets in Africa and Asia.

How was imperialism related to the consolidation of nation-states?

1) Competition against other imperialists and contact with outsiders both strengthened the sense of national unity. 2) Resources, labor, and markets in new territories enriched and strengthened the mother country.

Looking back, it is easy to identify the beginnings of imperial control over Africa and Asia, but local leaders could not see the full scope of what was happening. Imagine you are giving advice to African and Asian leaders. What are the signs that an imperial power might be headed their way?

1) Foreign visitors suggest that when they are in your country, they should be allowed to follow their own laws, instead of your laws. 2) Christian missionaries begin arriving, asking or demanding to spread their ideas to your people. 3) Representatives of a foreign government show up, asking for land so they can build a railway through your territory. 4) Foreign merchants start getting pushy, demanding free access to all your ports and complaining about import taxes.

How did the United States benefit from its overseas territories?

1) Imperial ventures reinforced the American concept of Manifest Destiny, strengthening nationalism among Americans of European descent. 2) Harbors in the Philippines enabled the United States to maintain a presence in Asia and compete with Japan and European powers in the region. 3) Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines were all markets in which American businesses could sell their manufactured products.

How did imperialist countries justify their territorial expansion?

1) Imperialist states promoted the idea that they were helping colonized territories by bringing them the benefits of advanced civilization. 2) Imperialist leaders justified their actions on the basis that other races were inherently inferior and, therefore, fair game for conquest. 3) Imperialist states believed that global competition for resources was inevitable and that they needed to claim new territories in order to compete against rival countries.

How did nineteenth-century expressions of nationalism differ from early ideas of nationalism?

1) In the nineteenth century, European monarchs justified territorial expansion by asserting that they were simply unifying their national territories. 2) Nineteenth-century elites and monarchs actively cultivated a sense of national identity among the people, to enhance their own political power. 3) Nineteenth-century people disagreed about who belonged to their nations, because of geographical separation and linguistic and religious differences.

How did Japan's experience with imperialism differ from China's?

1) Japanese reformers successfully replaced the Tokugawa shogunate with a reformist government, whereas Chinese reformers were unable to institute significant changes. 2) The American military arrived in Japan after China lost the Opium War, so Japan was able to learn from China's experience with imperial pressure.

What conclusions can you draw from the map about the role of railroads in this time period?

1) Railroad tracks integrated distant communities into a unified system for moving commodities, people, and ideas. 2)The tracks themselves are evidence of large-scale labor movements.

In 1845, John L. O'Sullivan predicted that the United States would eventually take California from Mexico: "Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the plough and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meeting-houses." What methods did O'Sullivan predict Americans would use to gain control of the territory?

1) Settlers from the United States will move into California, planning for peaceful hard work, but ready to fight if necessary. 2) Settlers from the United States will build the institutions of American civil society on California soil.

Developments of the second industrial revolution overcame some of the obstacles that limited earlier development. Match each obstacle on the left with its solution on the right.

1) Steam-powered gunboats and breech-loading rifles: Products like cocoa, coffee, and rubber grew in regions owned by Africans. 2i) Limited-liability joint-stock companies; Mass production required tremendous amounts of capital and organization: 3) Overland and undersea telegraph lines; Giant companies needed up-to-date information about supply lines and markets. 4) Railroads and steam-powered ships: Energy resources (like coal) and raw materials (like rubber) were often located far from communities of skilled workers;

Which of the following products did imperialists obtain from Africa?

1) Tea 2) High-quality cotton 3) Palm oil and palm kernels 4) Cocoa and coffee

Review Primary Source 17.2, the excerpt from Okuma's book Fifty Years of New Japan found at the end of the text chapter. Identify the statements with which you think Okuma would agree.

1) nInteracting with Europe and America motivated and enabled Japan to become a strong nation-state. 2) Japan has a long history of learning from other cultures.

Chapter VI, Article 34 of the General Act of the Conference of Berlin states: The Power which henceforth shall take possession of a territory upon the coast of the African continent ... shall accompany the respective act with a notification addressed to the other signatory Powers of the present Act, in order to put them in a condition to make available... their reclamations. According to this agreement, who would be given an opportunity to object to a European claim of ownership for territory in Africa?

Any of the European countries who signed the agreement at the Conference of Berlin

Nation-states often struggled with disunity even after they consolidated power. Match each statement about challenges to national unity with the country it best describes.

Brazil: In this country, the sense of national unity was strong among the elite, but it intentionally excluded the vast majority of the country's adult residents. United States: In this country, segments of the population used violence to undermine federal laws and prevent men of African descent from voting. Great Britain: In this country, a long-oppressed minority group continued to seek independence well into the twentieth century. Canada: In this country, the sense of national unity was weak because of strong racial, legal, and linguistic divisions within the population.

T/F: In the General Act of the Conference of Berlin, European countries agreed that they would maintain tax-free trade in and out of the territories they claimed in Africa in perpetuity and without limitation.

False; Chapter I, Article 4 established that powers could choose to end free trade in and out of their colonies after 20 years.

Menelik II of Ethiopia was able to successfully resist European conquest because he established modern factories that produced effective weapons for his unified, loyal army.

False; Menelik II obtained modern weapons from European governments, by playing off European countries against one another. He did, however, use those weapons to arm his unified, loyal army.

T/F: Imperialism is a political process in which a group of people who share a common culture, language, and history are unified in a defined territory, under a single government.

False; The unification of people who are culturally, linguistically, and historically similar results in a nation-state. Imperialism is when a state projects its power outward and brings foreign territory under its political and economic control.

Charles Darwin articulated the idea that different species of animals evolved over millennia through _________. According to this idea, individuals with _________ will survive and reproduce at higher rates than others. Social Darwinists asserted that people with European physical traits were more _________ than other people and believed it was natural for them to rule over Africans and Asians.

Natural selection; Traits Best Suited to their environment; Evolved

King Leopold II used ________ to compel residents of the Congo River basin to work collecting _______ and hunting elephants. Leopold used the profits to build _______ in Belgium. As many as 50 percent of the people in Congo were killed in this process, either through conflicts with armed forces or through ________.

Physical violence; Rubber; Parks, avenues, and casinos; Famine

Transportation advances made it easier for nation-states to acquire raw materials. The Suez Canal _______ trade between Europe and Asia. The second industrial revolution also sparked a wave of __________. Advances in transportation like the ________ made it easier for people to move where they could find work.

Reduced the cost of; Migration; Steam-powered ship

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement?

a Chinese attempt to compete with the West, while retaining Chinese values

Building railroads and telegraph lines required both money and organization. Which development provided a way to amass money and organize huge industrial projects?

limited-liability joint-stock companies