chapter 5: the skeletal system
The vertebral column consists of __ irregular bones called ______
26 vertebrae
The skeleton is formed of the two strongest and most supportive tissues of the body...
Cartilage and bone
Long bone is composed of mostly ______
Compact bone
This type of bone tissue is dense, smooth-looking, and homogenous
Compact bone
The 2 types of bone tissue are...
Compact bone and spongy bone
You would have this kind of fracture if you broke a fall with your hands
Impacted fracture
allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye
Optic canal
This holds the upper teeth in place
Alveolar process
Multiracial movement - most freely moveable joints in the body Ex: shoulders and hip bones
Ball-and-socket joint
This is the process by which osteoblasts break down and release minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood
Bone restoration
In young and mid-adulthood, ____ _____ and ______ are balanced closely; bone size and density do not change
Bone-formation and resorption
spongy bone replaces the fibrocartilage callus
Bony call us forms (ossification)
These are the smallest and lightest vertebrae. - contain the atlas and axis
Cervical curvature
forehead, pointy projection under the eyebrows, and the top part of the orbital cavity
Frontal bone
The most important hormones controlling long bone growth are
GH and sex hormones
Angular movement Ex: ELBOW, FINGERS, ANKLE
Hinge joint
The ossa coxae are the ____ bones
Hip bones
These bones form the posterior part of the hard palate of the mouth
Palatine bones
These form the anterior part of the hard palate
Palatine processes
- superior and lateral walls of the cranium - meet in the middle of skull to form the sagittal suture - meet frontal bone to form the coronal suture
Parietal bones
The ____ is smooth and forms a joint with the patella (knee cap)
Patellar surface
The ________ is formed by 2 ossa coxae and the sacrum
Pelvic girlde
Rounded movement EX: radius rotating around ulna
Pivot joint
Flat, only short slipping or gliding movements Ex: wrist
Plane joint
A specialist in foot disorders
Podiatrist
- The thoracic and sacral regions - present at birth - (produce the C-shaped spine)
Primary curvatures
This bone is alongside the tibia and is thin and stick-like
fibula
the last two pairs of ribs are called _________ (they lack sternum attachments)
floating ribs
_____ are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
fontanels
Each vertebrae is separated by flexible Fibrocartilage called _______ _____
intervertebral discs
These bones make up the palm of the hand
metacarpals
- the sole/palm of the foot - 5 bones
metatarsals
- These are the bones of the fingers. - they're numbered 1 to 5 - each hand contains 14 of these
phalanges
- the toes/digital of the foot 3 in each toe except big toe that has 2
phalanges
chronic inflammatory disorder; autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attempts to destroy its own tissues
rheumatoid
____ are interlocking immovable joints that join the bones of the skull together
sutures
The 14 facial bones are...
- paired maxillae - paired palatine - paired zygomatic - paired lacrimal - paired nasal - paired inferior nasal conchae - vomer - mandible bones
What are the functions of the skull?
- protects the brain - provides cavities for sensory organs - has openings that allow passage of air and food - contains teeth and jaws for mastication
There are 4 sutures that join the skull together
- sagittal suture - coronal suture - squamous suture - lambdoid suture
The functions of the pelvic girdle:
- the upper-body weight bearer - protector of reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine
name the functions of the intervertebral discs
- they cushion the vertebrae - they absorb shock while allowing flexibility
Bone formation exceeds __(1)__ during childhood and adolescence, allowing ___(2)___
1) resorption 2) bone growth
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
1. plane joint 2. hinge joint 3. pivot joint 4. condylar joint 5. saddle joint 6. Ball-and-socket joint
there are __ pairs of ribs that attach to the _____
12 attach to thoracic vertebrae
The appendicular skeleton has ___ bones.
126
There are _____ bones in the body
206
the upper limbs consist of __ bones (foundation of the arm, forearm, and hand)
30 each limb, 60 all together
Infants have __ vertebrae ( __ fuse to form scrum and scrum fuses to form coccyx)
33 vertebrae 9 fuse
- fuse to form the upper jaw - the "keystone" bones of the face because all facial bones join to them
maxillary bones (maxillae)
- lies within the diaphysis - filled with yellow bone marrow in adults - storage for Adipose tissue - infants: red marrow
medullary cavity
physician who specializes in restoring lost skeletal system function or repairing damage to bones and joints
orthopedist
- "OA"; affects articular cartilage - most common form of arthritis - Bones in joints rub against each other from worn away cartilage
osteoarthritis
- Mature bone cells - found in the matrix in cavities called lacunae
osteocytes
The realignment of the broken bone ends
reduction
spiral fractures are more common in ____-related injuries
sports
a sharp projection that many neck muscles attach to
styloid process
What are the functions of bone
support, protect, movement, storage, hematopoiesis
- the posterior part of the foot - 7 in each *ankle*
tarsals
- "breast bone" - flat bone - fusion of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
the sternum
- the medial bone of the forearm - articulates with the radius and the humorous - located on the pinky side
the ulna
The ____ is aka the "shinebone" and is larger and more medial than the fibula
tibia
The first seven pairs of ribs are called _________ (they attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilage)
true ribs
- forms the bony nasal septum - middle of the nasal cavity
vomer bone
Structural classifications have to do with...
what the joints are made up of
a piece of bone that joins to the zygomatic bone (cheek bone)anteriorly
zygomatic process
- Tiny canals that radiate from the haversian canal to all lacunae - connects the bone cells to the nutrient supply
canaliculi
- There are 8 _____ in the hand. - They are arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each - they form the wrist - they're bound together by ligaments
carpals
thin layer of cells that line the inner surface of compact bone, defining the medullary cavity
endosteum
- The ends of long bone - contain a thin layer of compact bone, but mostly made of spongy bone. - separated from the diaphysis by the spongy bone; articular cartilage lines it
epiphyses
- irregular in shape - anterior to sphenoid bone - roof of nasal cavity
ethmoid bone
the next 5 pairs of ribs are called _______ (they directly attach or do not attach at all)
false ribs
A break in the bone is a ____
fracture
Joints are classified in two ways
functionally and structurally
(giut ) - disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and is deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints
gouty
This fracture is much more common in children's flexible bones
greenstick
Bone breaks incompletely
greenstick fracture
- aka an Osteon - made up of central canal and the matrix rings - made of blood vessels and nerves
haversian system
Long bone growth is controlled by _____
hormones
Each ossa coxae is formed by the fusion of three bones:
ilium, ischium, pubis
Fibrous joints are _____
immovable
Arthr- means...
joint
The three types of arthritis
- osteoarthritis - rheumatoid - gouty
-algia
pain
Lumbar region appears when...
the child begins to walk
4 events occur during bone repair. What are they?
- A hematoma forms. - the break is splinter by a Fibrocartilage call us - bony call us forms - bone remodeling occurs
Bones continuously remodel because of these two factors...
- Calcium levels in the blood - the pull of gravity and muscles of the skeleton
Lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called _______ around a ______ ______
- Lamellae - Haversian canal
name the 4 curvatures of the spine (named for their location)
- cervical (1-7) - thoracic (8-19) - lumbar (20-24) - pelvic (25-26)
Structural classifications:
- fibrous joints - cartilaginous joints - synovial joints
The cranium consists of 8 large bones
- frontal - paired parietal - paired temporal - occipital - sphenoid - ethmoid
What are the toe functions of joints
- holds bones together securely - give skeleton mobility
There are the functional classifications:
- immovable joints - slightly moveable joints - freely movable joints
Long bone contains a shaft called a _____ with 2 extremities (_______)
-diaphysis -(heads at both ends)
In long bone growth, new cartilage forms on external surface of _____(1)_____ and ______(2)_____
1) articular cartilage 2) epiphyseal plates
At the same time during long bone growth, ___(1)____ on the interior surface is broken down and replaced by ___(2)____
1) old cartilage 2) bony matrix
Joints are also called ________
Articulations
Bone thickness and strength is related to stress on the bone...
As muscle gets bigger, bones get bigger
This vertebrae allows the skull to move in the "yes" direction
Atlas (C1)
This vertebrae allows the skull to rotate side to side ("no" direction)
Axis (C2)
The bone ends sore coaxed back into their normal position by the physician's hands
Closed reduction
When bone breaks into many fragments or is shattered
Commented fracture
When broken bone ends penetrate the skin
Compound or open fracture
When the bone is crushed
Compression fracture
Egg shaped movement Ex: knuckle joint
Condylar joint
The skull is formed by two sets of bone. What are the 2 sets?
Cranium and facial bones
Broken bone portion is pressed inward
Depressed fracture
canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear
External acoustic meatus
This contains several elements ,some cartilage, matrix, and collagen fibers acts as a "splint"
Fibrocartilage callus
- thin, patterned, and usually curved - 2 layers of compact bone separated by spongy bone and red marrow - skull, ribs, and sternum are examples 0 they make red blood cells
Flat bones
- is the large opening in the base of the occipital bone - allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain
Foramen magnum
- opening that allows fibers and nerves to pass to
Foramen ovale
Blood vessels are ruptured when bone breaks, therefore a blood-filled swelling is formed
Formation of a hematoma
- The single, long bone that forms the arm - articulates with the Scapular, radius, and ulna
Humerous
After reduction the fracture is _____ by a cast to ____.
Immobilized to heal
Cartilaginous joints are both ___ and ____ - examples: pubic symphysis and the first ribs(immoveable), intervertebral joints (slightly moveable)
Immovable and slightly moveable
Broken bone ends broken bone ends are forced into each other
Impacted fracture
- jugular vein runs through here - carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Vitamin D is essential for _______
calcium absorption
- fingernail-sized bones that form the medial walls of the orbits - have a groove that is a passageway for tears
Lacrimal bones
The clavicle, humerous, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals, and phalanges are all types of ______.
Long bone
Bones are classified by shape. The three shape classifications are...
Long/short, flat, irregular
These bones carry most of our body weight and are thicker and stronger than upper limbs - thighs legs and feet
Lower limbs
These vertebrae have larger and stronger bodies with short and thick sinuous processes
Lumbar
- full of air cavities - inferior to external acoustic meats - some muscles of the neck muscles can attach here
Mastoid process
These bones form the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
- posterior part of the cranium - the floor and back part - joins to the parietal bone at the lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
When we start to reach _____ bone breakdown increases which causes bone density to decrease
Old age
Surgery is performed and the bone ends are reinforced together with pins or plates
Open reduction
____ in the _____ remove bone in interior face of diaphysis
Osteoblasts in endosteum
_____ in the ______ add bone tissue to external surface of diaphysis
Osteoblasts in the periosteum
This is a common condition in older people. It is when the breakdown of bone is faster than bone formation (formation of holes in the bone decreases bone mass which increases the potential for bone fractures)
Osteoporosis
Convex and concave movement Ex: between wrist bone and thumb
Saddle joint
- cervical and lumbar regions - develop after birth - (produce the S-shaped spine)
Secondary curvatures
- lacks a long axis, a cube - mostly composed of spongy bone - wrist and ankle bone are examples
Short bone
The _______ allows flexibility and free movement of the upper limbs
Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)
When bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin
Simple or closed fracture
example of fibrous joints:
Skull sutures
The axial skeleton consists of the ....
Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage/bony thorax
When a ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
Spiral fracture
This type of bone tissue is composed of small needle-like pieces of bone and lots of open space
Spongy bone
- (Turk's saddle) - in the middle of the sphenoid bone and contains the small depression
Stella turica
allows nerves to control eye movements
Superior orbital fissure
In synovial joints, the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing ________ Ex: all joints of the limbs have this
Synovial fluid
- inferior to parietal bones - meet parietal bone at the squamous sutures
Temporal bones
- Hyaline cartilage is covered by bone matrix cells called osteoblasts - the enclosed cartilage is digested which opens up a medullary cavity
The 2 phases of ossification
Functional classification regards ....
The amount of movement allowed
Growth of new capillaries and disposal of dead bone tissue by phagocytes happens. The mass of repair tissue forms.
The break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus
- aka the "collarbone" - slender and rod-like with S-shapes - connects with the manubrium medially - connects to the scapulae laterally - prevents shoulder dislocation
The clavicle
- aka the "thigh bone" - the longest, heaviest bone in body - has the patellar surface
The femur
This bone structure supports our body weight and serves as a lever to allow us to propel our bodies forward
The foot
Consists of carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
The hand
- Not part of skull but related to mandible and temporal bones - Unique because it is the only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone - immediately superior to the larynx - neck muscles attach here
The hyoid bone
This part of the ossa coxae... - connects with the sacroiliac joint - is the large flaring bone that forms most of the hip
The ilium
- this is the "sit down bone" because it receives the body weight when you sit down - its the most inferior part of the coxal bone
The ischium
- lower jaw - largest and strongest bone of the face
The mandible
- the pubic bone - this is the most anterior part of a coxal bone - helps connect the other bones together
The pubis
- the lateral bone of the forearm - located on the thumb side of the forearm - articulates with the numerous and the ulna
The radius
- aka the "shoulder blades" - triangular with a flattened body - articulates with the humerous
The scapulae
Fusion of five vertebrae that form the base of the vertebral column and posterior wall of the pelvis
The scarum
the ______ contains the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
Thoracic cage (bony thorax)
These vertebrae are larger than the cervical. - have long, pointed sinuous processes which point downward - have facets on sides of the transverse processes for articulation with the ribs
Thoracic curvature
Examples of irregular bones are...
Vertebrae and hipbones
Connects osteons together
Volkmann's canals
- These are aka the cheekbones - also form lateral walls of orbits
Zygomatic bones
Cervical region appears when...
a baby can lift its head
These bones represent one eighth of the total adult body length
adult craniums
This bone holds the mandible in place
alveolar process
Process by which bones increase in diameter
appositional growth
This forms the longitudinal axis of the body
axial skeleton
Bone remodeling occurs
bone reshapes itself by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
the ____ ____ is made up of ... - ossa coxae - sacrum - coccyx
bony pelvis
a specialist that uses a system of treating disease by manipulating the vertebral column based upon the theory that most diseases are due to pressure on nerves caused by bad bone alignment
chiropractor
soles of feet face medially and toes point inferiorly
clubfoot
Commonly called the "tailbone" and is a fusion of four tiny and irregular shaped vertebrae
coccyx
This fracture is more common in older people because of osteoporosis
comminuted
- Makes up most of the long bones length. - is a tube of compact bone surrounded by a periosteum.
diaphysis
"soft bones" - malnutrition in pregnancy and chronic renal failure; analogous to rickets in children
osteomalacia
Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the shaft of long bone
periosteum
This homeostatic imbalance typically occurs in children. It occurs when the bones fail to calcify, and it causes the bones to soften, and as a result, the weight-bearing bones of the legs bow significantly. this is due to a calcium or vitamin D deficiency
rickets
spans the width of the cranium
sphenoid
vertebral bones do not completely fuse around the embryonic neural tube (precursor to spinal cord);
spina bifida
