chapter 5: the skeletal system

The vertebral column consists of __ irregular bones called ______

26 vertebrae

The skeleton is formed of the two strongest and most supportive tissues of the body...

Cartilage and bone

Long bone is composed of mostly ______

Compact bone

This type of bone tissue is dense, smooth-looking, and homogenous

Compact bone

The 2 types of bone tissue are...

Compact bone and spongy bone

You would have this kind of fracture if you broke a fall with your hands

Impacted fracture

allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye

Optic canal

This holds the upper teeth in place

Alveolar process

Multiracial movement - most freely moveable joints in the body Ex: shoulders and hip bones

Ball-and-socket joint

This is the process by which osteoblasts break down and release minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood

Bone restoration

In young and mid-adulthood, ____ _____ and ______ are balanced closely; bone size and density do not change

Bone-formation and resorption

spongy bone replaces the fibrocartilage callus

Bony call us forms (ossification)

These are the smallest and lightest vertebrae. - contain the atlas and axis

Cervical curvature

forehead, pointy projection under the eyebrows, and the top part of the orbital cavity

Frontal bone

The most important hormones controlling long bone growth are

GH and sex hormones

Angular movement Ex: ELBOW, FINGERS, ANKLE

Hinge joint

The ossa coxae are the ____ bones

Hip bones

These bones form the posterior part of the hard palate of the mouth

Palatine bones

These form the anterior part of the hard palate

Palatine processes

- superior and lateral walls of the cranium - meet in the middle of skull to form the sagittal suture - meet frontal bone to form the coronal suture

Parietal bones

The ____ is smooth and forms a joint with the patella (knee cap)

Patellar surface

The ________ is formed by 2 ossa coxae and the sacrum

Pelvic girlde

Rounded movement EX: radius rotating around ulna

Pivot joint

Flat, only short slipping or gliding movements Ex: wrist

Plane joint

A specialist in foot disorders

Podiatrist

- The thoracic and sacral regions - present at birth - (produce the C-shaped spine)

Primary curvatures

This bone is alongside the tibia and is thin and stick-like

fibula

the last two pairs of ribs are called _________ (they lack sternum attachments)

floating ribs

_____ are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones

fontanels

Each vertebrae is separated by flexible Fibrocartilage called _______ _____

intervertebral discs

These bones make up the palm of the hand

metacarpals

- the sole/palm of the foot - 5 bones

metatarsals

- These are the bones of the fingers. - they're numbered 1 to 5 - each hand contains 14 of these

phalanges

- the toes/digital of the foot 3 in each toe except big toe that has 2

phalanges

chronic inflammatory disorder; autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attempts to destroy its own tissues

rheumatoid

____ are interlocking immovable joints that join the bones of the skull together

sutures

The 14 facial bones are...

- paired maxillae - paired palatine - paired zygomatic - paired lacrimal - paired nasal - paired inferior nasal conchae - vomer - mandible bones

What are the functions of the skull?

- protects the brain - provides cavities for sensory organs - has openings that allow passage of air and food - contains teeth and jaws for mastication

There are 4 sutures that join the skull together

- sagittal suture - coronal suture - squamous suture - lambdoid suture

The functions of the pelvic girdle:

- the upper-body weight bearer - protector of reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine

name the functions of the intervertebral discs

- they cushion the vertebrae - they absorb shock while allowing flexibility

Bone formation exceeds __(1)__ during childhood and adolescence, allowing ___(2)___

1) resorption 2) bone growth

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

1. plane joint 2. hinge joint 3. pivot joint 4. condylar joint 5. saddle joint 6. Ball-and-socket joint

there are __ pairs of ribs that attach to the _____

12 attach to thoracic vertebrae

The appendicular skeleton has ___ bones.

126

There are _____ bones in the body

206

the upper limbs consist of __ bones (foundation of the arm, forearm, and hand)

30 each limb, 60 all together

Infants have __ vertebrae ( __ fuse to form scrum and scrum fuses to form coccyx)

33 vertebrae 9 fuse

- fuse to form the upper jaw - the "keystone" bones of the face because all facial bones join to them

maxillary bones (maxillae)

- lies within the diaphysis - filled with yellow bone marrow in adults - storage for Adipose tissue - infants: red marrow

medullary cavity

physician who specializes in restoring lost skeletal system function or repairing damage to bones and joints

orthopedist

- "OA"; affects articular cartilage - most common form of arthritis - Bones in joints rub against each other from worn away cartilage

osteoarthritis

- Mature bone cells - found in the matrix in cavities called lacunae

osteocytes

The realignment of the broken bone ends

reduction

spiral fractures are more common in ____-related injuries

sports

a sharp projection that many neck muscles attach to

styloid process

What are the functions of bone

support, protect, movement, storage, hematopoiesis

- the posterior part of the foot - 7 in each *ankle*

tarsals

- "breast bone" - flat bone - fusion of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

the sternum

- the medial bone of the forearm - articulates with the radius and the humorous - located on the pinky side

the ulna

The ____ is aka the "shinebone" and is larger and more medial than the fibula

tibia

The first seven pairs of ribs are called _________ (they attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilage)

true ribs

- forms the bony nasal septum - middle of the nasal cavity

vomer bone

Structural classifications have to do with...

what the joints are made up of

a piece of bone that joins to the zygomatic bone (cheek bone)anteriorly

zygomatic process

- Tiny canals that radiate from the haversian canal to all lacunae - connects the bone cells to the nutrient supply

canaliculi

- There are 8 _____ in the hand. - They are arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each - they form the wrist - they're bound together by ligaments

carpals

thin layer of cells that line the inner surface of compact bone, defining the medullary cavity

endosteum

- The ends of long bone - contain a thin layer of compact bone, but mostly made of spongy bone. - separated from the diaphysis by the spongy bone; articular cartilage lines it

epiphyses

- irregular in shape - anterior to sphenoid bone - roof of nasal cavity

ethmoid bone

the next 5 pairs of ribs are called _______ (they directly attach or do not attach at all)

false ribs

A break in the bone is a ____

fracture

Joints are classified in two ways

functionally and structurally

(giut ) - disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and is deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints

gouty

This fracture is much more common in children's flexible bones

greenstick

Bone breaks incompletely

greenstick fracture

- aka an Osteon - made up of central canal and the matrix rings - made of blood vessels and nerves

haversian system

Long bone growth is controlled by _____

hormones

Each ossa coxae is formed by the fusion of three bones:

ilium, ischium, pubis

Fibrous joints are _____

immovable

Arthr- means...

joint

The three types of arthritis

- osteoarthritis - rheumatoid - gouty

-algia

pain

Lumbar region appears when...

the child begins to walk

4 events occur during bone repair. What are they?

- A hematoma forms. - the break is splinter by a Fibrocartilage call us - bony call us forms - bone remodeling occurs

Bones continuously remodel because of these two factors...

- Calcium levels in the blood - the pull of gravity and muscles of the skeleton

Lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called _______ around a ______ ______

- Lamellae - Haversian canal

name the 4 curvatures of the spine (named for their location)

- cervical (1-7) - thoracic (8-19) - lumbar (20-24) - pelvic (25-26)

Structural classifications:

- fibrous joints - cartilaginous joints - synovial joints

The cranium consists of 8 large bones

- frontal - paired parietal - paired temporal - occipital - sphenoid - ethmoid

What are the toe functions of joints

- holds bones together securely - give skeleton mobility

There are the functional classifications:

- immovable joints - slightly moveable joints - freely movable joints

Long bone contains a shaft called a _____ with 2 extremities (_______)

-diaphysis -(heads at both ends)

In long bone growth, new cartilage forms on external surface of _____(1)_____ and ______(2)_____

1) articular cartilage 2) epiphyseal plates

At the same time during long bone growth, ___(1)____ on the interior surface is broken down and replaced by ___(2)____

1) old cartilage 2) bony matrix

Joints are also called ________

Articulations

Bone thickness and strength is related to stress on the bone...

As muscle gets bigger, bones get bigger

This vertebrae allows the skull to move in the "yes" direction

Atlas (C1)

This vertebrae allows the skull to rotate side to side ("no" direction)

Axis (C2)

The bone ends sore coaxed back into their normal position by the physician's hands

Closed reduction

When bone breaks into many fragments or is shattered

Commented fracture

When broken bone ends penetrate the skin

Compound or open fracture

When the bone is crushed

Compression fracture

Egg shaped movement Ex: knuckle joint

Condylar joint

The skull is formed by two sets of bone. What are the 2 sets?

Cranium and facial bones

Broken bone portion is pressed inward

Depressed fracture

canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear

External acoustic meatus

This contains several elements ,some cartilage, matrix, and collagen fibers acts as a "splint"

Fibrocartilage callus

- thin, patterned, and usually curved - 2 layers of compact bone separated by spongy bone and red marrow - skull, ribs, and sternum are examples 0 they make red blood cells

Flat bones

- is the large opening in the base of the occipital bone - allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain

Foramen magnum

- opening that allows fibers and nerves to pass to

Foramen ovale

Blood vessels are ruptured when bone breaks, therefore a blood-filled swelling is formed

Formation of a hematoma

- The single, long bone that forms the arm - articulates with the Scapular, radius, and ulna

Humerous

After reduction the fracture is _____ by a cast to ____.

Immobilized to heal

Cartilaginous joints are both ___ and ____ - examples: pubic symphysis and the first ribs(immoveable), intervertebral joints (slightly moveable)

Immovable and slightly moveable

Broken bone ends broken bone ends are forced into each other

Impacted fracture

- jugular vein runs through here - carotid canal

Jugular foramen

Vitamin D is essential for _______

calcium absorption

- fingernail-sized bones that form the medial walls of the orbits - have a groove that is a passageway for tears

Lacrimal bones

The clavicle, humerous, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals, and phalanges are all types of ______.

Long bone

Bones are classified by shape. The three shape classifications are...

Long/short, flat, irregular

These bones carry most of our body weight and are thicker and stronger than upper limbs - thighs legs and feet

Lower limbs

These vertebrae have larger and stronger bodies with short and thick sinuous processes

Lumbar

- full of air cavities - inferior to external acoustic meats - some muscles of the neck muscles can attach here

Mastoid process

These bones form the bridge of the nose

Nasal bones

- posterior part of the cranium - the floor and back part - joins to the parietal bone at the lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

When we start to reach _____ bone breakdown increases which causes bone density to decrease

Old age

Surgery is performed and the bone ends are reinforced together with pins or plates

Open reduction

____ in the _____ remove bone in interior face of diaphysis

Osteoblasts in endosteum

_____ in the ______ add bone tissue to external surface of diaphysis

Osteoblasts in the periosteum

This is a common condition in older people. It is when the breakdown of bone is faster than bone formation (formation of holes in the bone decreases bone mass which increases the potential for bone fractures)

Osteoporosis

Convex and concave movement Ex: between wrist bone and thumb

Saddle joint

- cervical and lumbar regions - develop after birth - (produce the S-shaped spine)

Secondary curvatures

- lacks a long axis, a cube - mostly composed of spongy bone - wrist and ankle bone are examples

Short bone

The _______ allows flexibility and free movement of the upper limbs

Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)

When bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin

Simple or closed fracture

example of fibrous joints:

Skull sutures

The axial skeleton consists of the ....

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage/bony thorax

When a ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

Spiral fracture

This type of bone tissue is composed of small needle-like pieces of bone and lots of open space

Spongy bone

- (Turk's saddle) - in the middle of the sphenoid bone and contains the small depression

Stella turica

allows nerves to control eye movements

Superior orbital fissure

In synovial joints, the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing ________ Ex: all joints of the limbs have this

Synovial fluid

- inferior to parietal bones - meet parietal bone at the squamous sutures

Temporal bones

- Hyaline cartilage is covered by bone matrix cells called osteoblasts - the enclosed cartilage is digested which opens up a medullary cavity

The 2 phases of ossification

Functional classification regards ....

The amount of movement allowed

Growth of new capillaries and disposal of dead bone tissue by phagocytes happens. The mass of repair tissue forms.

The break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus

- aka the "collarbone" - slender and rod-like with S-shapes - connects with the manubrium medially - connects to the scapulae laterally - prevents shoulder dislocation

The clavicle

- aka the "thigh bone" - the longest, heaviest bone in body - has the patellar surface

The femur

This bone structure supports our body weight and serves as a lever to allow us to propel our bodies forward

The foot

Consists of carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

The hand

- Not part of skull but related to mandible and temporal bones - Unique because it is the only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone - immediately superior to the larynx - neck muscles attach here

The hyoid bone

This part of the ossa coxae... - connects with the sacroiliac joint - is the large flaring bone that forms most of the hip

The ilium

- this is the "sit down bone" because it receives the body weight when you sit down - its the most inferior part of the coxal bone

The ischium

- lower jaw - largest and strongest bone of the face

The mandible

- the pubic bone - this is the most anterior part of a coxal bone - helps connect the other bones together

The pubis

- the lateral bone of the forearm - located on the thumb side of the forearm - articulates with the numerous and the ulna

The radius

- aka the "shoulder blades" - triangular with a flattened body - articulates with the humerous

The scapulae

Fusion of five vertebrae that form the base of the vertebral column and posterior wall of the pelvis

The scarum

the ______ contains the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae

Thoracic cage (bony thorax)

These vertebrae are larger than the cervical. - have long, pointed sinuous processes which point downward - have facets on sides of the transverse processes for articulation with the ribs

Thoracic curvature

Examples of irregular bones are...

Vertebrae and hipbones

Connects osteons together

Volkmann's canals

- These are aka the cheekbones - also form lateral walls of orbits

Zygomatic bones

Cervical region appears when...

a baby can lift its head

These bones represent one eighth of the total adult body length

adult craniums

This bone holds the mandible in place

alveolar process

Process by which bones increase in diameter

appositional growth

This forms the longitudinal axis of the body

axial skeleton

Bone remodeling occurs

bone reshapes itself by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

the ____ ____ is made up of ... - ossa coxae - sacrum - coccyx

bony pelvis

a specialist that uses a system of treating disease by manipulating the vertebral column based upon the theory that most diseases are due to pressure on nerves caused by bad bone alignment

chiropractor

soles of feet face medially and toes point inferiorly

clubfoot

Commonly called the "tailbone" and is a fusion of four tiny and irregular shaped vertebrae

coccyx

This fracture is more common in older people because of osteoporosis

comminuted

- Makes up most of the long bones length. - is a tube of compact bone surrounded by a periosteum.

diaphysis

"soft bones" - malnutrition in pregnancy and chronic renal failure; analogous to rickets in children

osteomalacia

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the shaft of long bone

periosteum

This homeostatic imbalance typically occurs in children. It occurs when the bones fail to calcify, and it causes the bones to soften, and as a result, the weight-bearing bones of the legs bow significantly. this is due to a calcium or vitamin D deficiency

rickets

spans the width of the cranium

sphenoid

vertebral bones do not completely fuse around the embryonic neural tube (precursor to spinal cord);

spina bifida