ch 17 zoo

Seelct all that can be classified as amniotes.

-nonavian reptiles -mammals -birds

Sequence the developmental stages of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens, beginning with the youngest stage at the top.

1. egg 2. aquatic larva 3. terrestrial red eft 4. aquatic adults

Sequence the frog developmental stages, beginning with the earliest stage at the top

1. fertilization 2. jelly layers of eggs adsorb water and swell 3. formation of embryos 4. development into tadpoles 5. hatching of eggs

The length from the tip of the nose to the anus of the largest anuran is more than ______ cm.

30

Frogs that are frost-tolerant can survive the freezing of all extracellular fluid, representing ______ of the body water.

35%

On the forelimb, temnospondyls generally have ______.

4

The early tetrapod with well-formed limbs and digits in this diagram is ______.

Acanthostega

Select all of the following that characterize paedomorphosis.

Adult characteristics are lost. Larval characteristics are retained.

Select all the structures of an aquatic tetrapod ancestor that become modified during evolution for terrestrial breathing and support.

Air-filled cavity connected to the pharynx Internal nares Bones of paired limbs

What salamanders can be paedomorphic but can undergo metamorphosis to a terrestrial form under certain environmental conditions?

Ambystoma

Match each taxonomic reference to its equivalent. Instructions

Anura = Salienta Caudata = Urodela Apoda= Gymnophiona

Select all of the likely characteristics of Tiktaalik.

Appendages supported body Air-breathing Inhabited shallow water

Select all of the following that describe reproduction in members of Gymnophiona.

Aquatic larvae Eggs laid near water Viviparity

Select all regions where are caecilians can be found.

Asia India South America Africa

Which of these feet shows paedomorphosis?

B

While amphibian larvae generally use for respiration, adults respire through their skin or by using their .

Blank 1: gills Blank 2: lungs

This American toad belongs to the family .

Bufonidae

Match each family to the correct representatives.

Bufonidae matches Choice, True toads True toads Ranidae matches Choice, Bullfrog and other familiar frogs Bullfrog and other familiar frogs Hylidae matches Choice, Tree frogs Tree frogs

What type of amphibian may have small, dermal scales in the skin?

Caecilian

Select all of the following that can occur in paedomorphic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma when ponds evaporate.

Development of lungs Metamorphosis into terrestrial adult

The transition that allowed some fish groups to exhibit terrestriality occurred in the period.

Devonian

One of the smallest known frogs is ______.

Eleutherodactylus iberia

This diagram shows ______, a Devonian lobe-finned fish that lived approximately 385 million years ago.

Eusthenopteron

Select the major threats to freshwater environments

Evaporation Depletion of oxygen

Select the characteristics of reproduction exhibited by most frogs.

External fertilization occurs. Eggs are anchored to vegetation. Eggs are laid in masses.

True or false: Freshwater environments are inherently stable

False

True or false: Temnospondyls are included in the clade Lissamphibia

False

True or false: Temnospondyls are included in the clade Lissamphibia.

False

Match each part of the frog brain with what it coordinates.

Forebrain = Olfaction Midbrain = Vision Hindbrain = Hearing and balance

Match each amphibian to the correct taxonomic group.

Frogs= Anura Salamanders= Caudata Caecilians =Apoda

What is the salamander in the diagram doing?

Guarding her eggs

This diagram is a representation of ______, in which the roof of the skull is shaped like that of a(n) ______.

Ichthyostega; fish

What exceptions to the usual amphibian life history plan are exemplified by some species of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians?

Incomplete metamorphosis with continued aquatic life Lack of aquatic larval phase

Select all structures that facilitated the the exploration of land by aquatic species.

Internal nares Swim bladder

Select all anuran defenses against predation.

Lung inflation Production of poison Playing dead Voiding the bladder Biting

Select the fishes that exhibit terrestrial breathing and locomotion.

Lungfish Mudskipper

Select all of the changes that tadpoles undergo during metamorphosis.

Lungs develop. Gills are absorbed.

Select all features of Caecilians.

No limbs Long ribs Small eyes

Select all characterizes of most larger frogs during the breeding season.

Noisy Near water

Salamanders are especially abundant and diverse in ______.

North America

Select all characteristics of modern amphibians.

Paired internal nostrils Eyelids Skeletal strengthening Redesigned olfactory epithelium

Select all of the adaptations to terrestrial life that are present in Ichthyostega.

Protective rib cage Stronger backbone Modified ear structure Lengthened snout

This frog that carries its eggs in a pouch on its back, is known as the ______ frog.

Pygmy marsupial

Which stage of development of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens involves a terrestrial habitat?

Red eft

Select all tetrapod adaptations to air-breathing.

Routing of blood to lungs Increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity

What describes reproduction in most amphibians?

Separate sexes; oviparous

Select all of the following that are true about fish fins and amphibian limbs.

Similar bony elements Homologous

Select all structures that adult salamanders use for respiration

Skin Lungs External gills

Select all of the features present in anuran tadpoles.

Specialized mouthparts External gills Internal gills

Select all known habitats for the Ranidae.

Swamp Lake Damp forest floor

Select all regions of the world that are inhabited by are salamanders.

Temperate Tropical

Select all of the following that apply to paedomorphic mud puppies and axolotls.

The adults have gills. They never metamorphose. They live in mud of ponds and lakes

Select all reasons why amphibians require certain humidity levels in their environment.

Their eggs are vulnerable to dessication. Their thin skin allows rapid dehydration.

Select all that best characterize salamander gills.

They may be retained in adults. They can be lost through metamorphosis. They are present when larvae hatch from eggs.

The genus _________ is morphologically intermediate between the lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods.

Tiktaalik

Select all organisms that colonized the land before amphibians.

Tracheate arthropods Vascular plants Pulmonate snails

Select all the habitats of the ranid genera of frogs.

Tropical Temperate

True or false: Some salamanders have an entirely terrestrial life cycle.

True

True or false: Viviparity is common in caecilians.

True

Where do caecilians feed?

Underground

To which order does this animal belong?

Urodela

What would be the least likely environment that would be conducive to long-term salamander survival?

Warm temperatures and dry air

Amphibian lungs are generally present and activated ______.

after metamorphosis

The two major extant branches of tetrapods are called the and the .

amphibians amniotes

The clasping behavior of amphibians during breeding is called .

amplexus

Salamanders called amphiumas are completely ______, while salamanders called plethodontids are completely ______.

aquatic and have lungs; terrestrial and lack lungs

The ancestral life cycle for salamanders involves ______.

aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults

Salamanders are carnivorous ______.

as larvae and adults

Salamander lungs are present ______.

at birth

Amplexus is a process that occurs during amphibian ______.

breeding

The organism in this photograph is a(n) ______.

caecilian

Elongate, limbless, burrowing amphibians are known as .

caecilians

In terrestrial plethodontids, paedomorphosis in foot form aids in ______.

climbing ability

It is unlikely that a vertebrate species would begin a new transition to life again on land because ______.

competitors are well-established

Terrestrial salamanders have ______.

direct development

The major predator of larval frogs is ______.

fish

Species that lived on land before vertebrates played a major role in providing the earliest terrestrial vertebrates with ______.

food

The three fundamental parts of an amphibian brain are the , the , and the .

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Compared to aquatic creatures, air-breathing tetrapods have air-filled cavities that ______ capillaries.

have more

Most frog and toad tadpoles are ______.

herbivorous

In frogs, tadpoles form ______.

in the egg

Fish fins are homologous to amphibian ______.

limbs

Eusthenopteron was a(n) ______ of the Devonian period that could push itself through the bottom of mud pools.

lobe-finned fish

For most large frogs during breeding season, ______.

males attract females

The evolutionary transition to life on land took place over ______ of years.

millions

The paedomorphic salamander in this diagram is called a(n) ______.

mud puppy

In moving from water to land, breathing air must be accommodated. What is true about the availability of oxygen in air as opposed to water?

oxygen is much more abundant in air than water.

The condition in which the larval characteristics of ancestors are retained in adults is known as .

paedomorphosis

Terrestrial animals have limbs and skeletal structure that ______.

provide structural support against gravity

Amphibians can be described as ______ because they are adapted for terrestrial existence, but their life cycle is still tied to water.

quasiterrestrial

The larval and adult portions of the life cycle of amphibians exemplify an existence that is ______.

quasiterrestrial

Salamander usually have limbs set at ______ angles to the trunk.

right

Some do not metamorphose, and instead stay in the larval form.

salamanders

The order Urodela contains tailed amphibians called .

salamanders

In salamanders that lack gills and lungs, respiration occurs through the .

skin

Where do most frogs hibernate during winter months?

streams

Salamanders in the family Plethodontidae are entirely ______ and breathe mainly through ______.

terrestrial; the skin

The primary habitat of caecilians is the forests of South America.

tropical

Although digits were clearly formed on its limbs, Acanthostega was too weakly constructed for ______.

walking on land

What makes up the majority of the diet of a caecilian?

worms