Ch. 18 Civilization's Inferno: The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities, 1800-1917

In the early 1900's, a baby born to a Slavic woman in an American city had what chance of dying in infancy?

1 in 3

By 1900, city reformers worked on altering urban landscapes as part of a movement given what name?

"City Beautiful"

What form of government did the leaders of the National Municipal League advise cities in the United States to institute in the early twentieth century?

A city manager system

What was the Triangle Fire?

A sweatshop fire that resulted in the deaths of nearly 150 people

For what is Margaret Sanger best known?

Birth control advocacy

How did adoption of steam power change manufacturing in the middle and late nineteenth century?

By vastly expanding scale

How did electricity catalyze the construction of skyscrapers in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Elevators could now be incorporated.

In which city did the 1911 Trianlge Fire occur?

New York

What allowed engineers and planners in the second half of the nineteenth century to develop a new urban geography in the United States?

New technologies

To which political party did the American reform mayors of the early twentieth century belong?

No particular party

Why were audiences at the Metropolitan Opera in New York shocked by an opera presented there in 1907?

The Metropolitan performed the sexually scandalous opera Salome.

Why did audiences enjoy vaudeville, an urban entertainment that emerged in the 1880s and 1890s?

The variety of entertainment types

Why were skyscrapers an impetus to urban development?

They made it possible to crowd more work and living space into a given area

In what way was the power of city governments limited?

They were subject to state law

What was the purpose of the phenomenon that took shape in the United States in the late nineteenth century and came to be known as progressivism?

To combat the problems caused by industrialization and urbanization in the United States

After which 1911 event did New York State appoint a factory commission that developed a remarkable program of labor reform for women and children?

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

During the depression of the 1890s, what percentage of working-class Americans was unemployed?

Up to 25%

To what does the term private city refer in historians' discussions of urban life in the United States in the late nineteenth century?

Urban areas shaped by individuals and profit-seeking businesses

What did Florence Kelley hope to achieve through her leadership of the National Consumers' League (NCL)?

Worker Protection

Yellow journalism affected global politics by

whipping up frenzies with sensational coverage

What was the key to the successful building of skyscrapers in American cities in the late nineteenth century?

An interior skeleton made of manufactured steel beams

A week after the Triangle Fire, the Rabbi Stephen S. Wise made this statement at a memorial service for the victims: "This was not an inevitable disaster which man could neither foresee nor control. We might have foreseen it, and some of us did; we might have controlled it, but we chose not to do so. . . . It is not a question of enforcement of law nor of inadequacy of law. We have the wrong kind of laws and the wrong kind of enforcement. Before insisting upon inspection and enforcement, let us lift up the industrial standards so as to make conditions worth inspecting, and, if inspected, certain to afford security to workers." What did New York State do in response to the public outrage expressed here over the Triangle Fire tragedy?

Appointed a factory commission that developed labor reform

Which statement assesses the early-twentieth-century crusade against prostitution in the United States?

The crusade pushed prostitution out of brothels and into the street.

Which statement assesses the consequences of the Triangle Fire in New York City in 1911?

The fire showed that only stronger laws could alleviate sweatshop conditions.

Why did progressivism around 1900 take root in the cities?

The industrial ills progressivism attacked were most evident in the cities.

What new institution arose as a result of the work with children of Julia Lathrop, one of the workers at Chicago's Hull House?

The juvenile justice system

How did the citizens of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, try to bring innovative reforms to their city around the turn of the nineteenth century?

By electing socialists to city government

How did the development of outlying suburbs in the middle and late nineteenth century change the social structure of cities?

By separating well-off suburbanites from working-class urbanites

This image was taken from The Great War on White Slavery, published by the American Purity Foundation in 1911. In what way is this image designed to win over prosperous middle-class Americans? (Refer to the image The Crusade Against "White Slavery")

The potential victim is white

After running their Chicago settlement house for a few years, what did Jane Addams and her colleagues believe the working-class people they served needed?

The resources and political voice to improve their lives

In 1885, which U.S. citiy was the first to build a skyscraper?

Chicago

Which city suffered a terrible fire in 1871?

Chicago

What characteristic of the settlement house movement is exemplified in this image of Hull House from 1906? (Refer to the image Hull House Playground, Chicago, 1906)

Children Playing on a central playground

The social geography of the suburbs in the late nineteenth century was in large part determined by which of the following factors?

Class structures

What was America's best-known amusement park around 1900?

Coney Island

Which innovation in male-female relations emerged in U.S. cities in the early 1900s?

Dating

What distinguished the new "vertical aesthetic" of the Chicago school in the late nineteenth century?

Designs that expressed rather than masked structure and function

The tenement shown here was constructed as a result of an 1879 contest. Nonetheless, to which stipulation of New York's 1901 Tenement House Law did such tenements adhere? (Refer to figure Floor Plan of a Dumbbell Tenement)

Fire safeguards

Which Hull House volunteer became the first American woman to hold a U.S. cabinet post?

Frances Perkins

What city was struck by a violent hurricane in 1900, leading to a major reform of its city government structure?

Galveston, Texas

Urban electric lighting gradually replaced lamps powered by which resource in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Gas

What innovation did Detroit mayor Hazen Pingree offer to address the problems of the depression of the 1890s?

Giving city land for urban gradens

What group did muckrakers like Upton Sinclair, Florence Kelley, and Rose Schneiderman believe needed to step in to rectify industrialization's injustices on working people in the early 1900s?

Government

Which group did muckrakers like Upton Sinclair, Florence Kelley, and Rose Schneiderman believe needed to step in to rectify industrialization's injustices on working people in the early 1900s?

Government

How did reform-minded businessman Tom Johnson recapture the political support of Cleveland's working class in the early twentieth century?

He advocated public ownership of city utilities.

How did Henry Huntington expand the suburban ideal in southern California in the early twentieth century?

He used his family's fortune to buy up real estate and subdivide it into lots.

Why was Margaret Sanger indicted for publishing her newspaper column "What Every Girl Should Know" in the 1910s?

Her frank discussion of birth control violated obscenity laws.

What were the political machines that played such a vital role in late-nineteenth-century American cities?

Local party bureaucracies that controlled elected and appointed offices.

What did Congress create in 1910 to prohibit the transportation of prostitutes across state lines?

Mann Act

Working separately in the 1880s and 1890s, researcher Helen Campbell and photographer Jacob Riis both sought to call attention to what problem?

Miserable conditions in urban tenement housing

The settlement houses that emerged in early-twentieth-century cities pioneered what new occupational field?

Social work

Which statement describes African American demographic patterns around 1900?

Southern blacks moved to southern cities like Baton Rouge and Jacksonville in large numbers.

How did legal policy regarding cities encourage bossism in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

States held most of the tax revenue, and cities were starved for legitimate cash.

Why did big cities in the United States become sites of manufacturing as well as finance and trade after the Civil War?

Steam engines allowed factory operators to move away from water-driven power.

Which New York City political institution became an archetype for corruption in the late 1800s under William Tweed?

Tammany Hall

In what type of building did New York City's poor immigrants generally make their homes?

Tenements

The dominance of private development in U.S. cities and the preference for business solutions to city needs are expressed in what concept?

The "private city"

Which institution was the first major art museum in the United States?

The Corcoran Gallery of Art

Which act, passed by Congress in 1906, vreated an administrationto regulate food and medical products?

The Pure Food and Drug Act

Which building, completed in 1913, marked the beginning of the modern Manhattan skyline?

The Woolworth Building

Which of the following is an example of an urban sanctuary used as a model for the "City Beautiful" movement?

Central Park

Which city was the first to build an underground railroad line?

Boston

Why did immigrants support political machines despite the corruption made evident by muckrakers?

Immigrants felt that only the machines understood their plight.

Why did New York State undertake serious workplace safety reforms after the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire of 1911?

In response to public outrage

What impact did city politics have on immigrant communities in the United States in the late nineteenth century?

Integrated them into urban society

Why was the reform effort aimed at wiping out urban prostitution in the early twentieth century shortsighted?

It ignored the multiple factors that led women to prostitution.

How was public welfare changed in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

It rejected the old model of private Christian charity and adopted social science methods.

How did the city of Chicago address its sewage problem around the turn of the century?

It reversed the course of the Chicago River.

Who founded Hull House in 1889 in Chicago as part of the settlement movement?

Jane Addams

Which of the following can be concluded from this map? (Refer to the map The Lower East Side, New York City, 1900)

Jewish immigrants to New York prioritized ethnicity over religion.

Which muckraker famously wrote The Shame of the Cities in 1904, exposing the corruption affecting American cities?

Lincoln Steffens

In the nineteenth century, many cities cut death rates from typhoid, yellow fever, and cholera by instituting what?

New sewage and drainage systems

What was the ultimate basis for the cohesion of urban political machines?

Party loyalty

Which of the following bore primary responsibility for developing the infrastructure of late-nineteenth-century American cities?

Private enterprise

What did the New York Tammany ward boss George Washington Plunkitt mean by "honest graft"?

Profiting from insider status

Congress passed the Mann Act in 1910 to achieve what purpose?

Prohibit the transportation of prostitutes across state lines

Which specific threat did African Americans face in the U.S. cities around the turn of the twentieth century that other ethnic groups rarely faced?

Race riots

The nations's first electric trolley car system was built in which American city?

Richmond

This is an image of an amusement park in Long Beach, California, shortly after 1900. Which popular attraction might someone who had visited Coney Island at around the same time recognize? (Refer to the image Amusement Park, Long Beach, CA)

Roller coaster

Which Jewish nationality established the most institutions on this map? (Refer to the map The Lower East Side, New York City, 1900)

Russian

Why did journalist Upton Sinclair write his 1904 novel The Jungle?

To expose labor exploitation in Chicago's meatpacking plants

This image was taken from The Great War on White Slavery, published by the American Purity Foundation in 1911. Which of the following is the artist attempting to show? (Refer to the image The Crusade Against "White Slavery")

White slavers took advantage of newly arrived women immigrants.

What prompted urban reform movements in the 1890's?

Widespread suffering from the depression of that decade

What political boss made Tammany Hall a byword for corruption in the late nineteenth century?

William Marcy Tweed

This image is from an 1884 issue of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. What message is the muckraking artist of this image attempting to convey about the U.S. city and its government? (Refer to the image A Hint to Boards of Health)

Without effective oversight, private industry may kill customers.

In the name of efficiency and good governance, leaders of the National Municipal League in the early 1900s began advocating

hiring professional city managers.

Beginning in the 1850s and accelerating in the late nineteenth century, the spread of railroads in the United States spurred the growth of

suburbs