CH 19: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses are all major causes of __________

the common cold

Which of the following applies to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria?

-club-shaped

Caseous lesions heal by

calcification

Sinusitis is caused by which general types of microorganisms?

-fungi -viruses -bacteria

Scarlet fever most often affects ____________.

school-age children

Which of the following statements regarding pharyngitis are correct?

-the incubation period for sore throats is generally 2-5 DAYS -pharyngitis often results in foul-smelling breath -pharyngitis caused by BACTERIA is severely painful -Pharyngitis caused by BACTERIA may be accompanied by nausea

The upper respiratory tract is composed of (proper anatomical order):

-the nasal cavity -the oral cavity -the larynx -the epiglottis -the throat

Pharyngitis is most commonly caused by a

virus

The main causative agent for tuberculosis is _______________ tubercuosis

M.

There _____ a vaccine for group A streptococci

is not

Which organs are most commonly involved in extrapulmonary TB?

-lymph nodes -kidneys -long bones -genital tract -brain -meninges

The best prevention for group A streptococci infection is good ______ _______

hand washing

The upper respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?

-nasal cavity -larynx -oral cavity -sinuses -epiglottis -pharynx

The lower respiratory tract includes:

-trachea -bronchi -bronchioles -alveoli

The signs and symptoms of secondary TB include:

-violent coughing -greenish or bloody sputum -low-grade fever -anorexia -weight loss -extreme fatigue -night sweats -chest pain -loss of appetite

The signs and symptoms of secondary TB DO NOT include:

-vomiting/nausea -high fever -weight gain -clear sputum

Rates of diptheria worldwide have steadily ____________

declined

What is used to prevent recurrences in children with frequent ear infections

insertion of tubes into eardrum

diphtheria is easily prevented by

routine vaccination

The __________ respiratory tract normally contains a large population of commensal microorganisms

upper

A ___________ against S. pneumoniae is part of recommended childhood preventative care

vaccine

Sinusitis can be caused by what

-allergy -infection -structural problems

Which approaches are effective in preventing the transmission of the common cold?

-covering the mouth and nose to prevent droplets from escaping -frequent and adequate handwashing

Which of the following applies to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria?

-gram positive -non-endospore-forming

What S. pyogenes virulence factors contribute to the bacterium's adhesiveness?

-lipoteichoic acid -hyaluronic acid capsule -M protein

In addition to Streptococcus pyogenes, pharyngitis can be caused by the same ___________ that causes the common cold, mechanical ____________, or sinus _______________

virus; irritation; drainage

Over ___________ different types of viruses cause the common cold

200

Untreated secondary tuberculosis has a _________ % mortality rate

60%

Streptococcus pyogenes belongs to which group of streptococci

A

what type of staining may be used to identify Mycobacterium in a sputum sample

Acid-fast

Diphtheria is an emerging disease worldwide

False

Primary infections of the upper respiratory tract are often caused by _____________, which can predispose a patient to a secondary infection caused by ______________.

viruses; bacteria

The current treatment for uncomplicated acute otitis media is

wait for resolution

The most common portal of entry for pathogens is the what

Respiratory tract

The presence of superantigens and the surface antigens' mimicry of host proteins are factors contributing to the virulence of

S. pyogenes

What is the term for inflammation of any of the 4 pairs of sinuses in the skull that is usually caused by allergies, infections, or structural issues in the nasal area

Sinusitis

Scarlet fever is only caused by ___________ strains that are themselves infected with a lysogenic bacteriophage

Streptococcus pyogenes

The majority of TB patients recover from the primary infection

True

In secondary tuberculosis, dormant bacteria are reactivated, ______________ expand and brain into the bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract, and the severe symptoms cause a gradual wasting of the body

tubercles

The _____________ _____________, also known as the Mantoux test, is a valuable diagnostic tool used TB that involves the injection of an M. tuberculosis protein into the dermis and observation for the visual sign of a call-mediated response

tuberculin reaction

The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered ___________ - ________ because it is difficult to stain

acid- fast

The condition that is the most common cause of sinusitis is ____________

allergy

Oxygen exchange in the lungs occurs in the _____________.

alveoli

Streptococcus pyogenes is a facultative ___________ that ferments a wide variety of sugars

anaerobe

An initial viral infection can predispose a patient to a secondary ____________ infection in the upper respiratory tract

bacterial

Streptococcal pharyngitis will show _______-hemolytic acitivity on blood agar

beta

Viral pharyngitis will not show ____________-hemolytic activity on blood agar

beta

A typical necrotic lesion seen in TB as the lung tubercles break down is called a ________ lesion

caseous

who is most often affected by scarlet fever

children

The two groups that experience extrapulmonary tuberculosis are ___________ or ________________ patients

children; immunosuppressed

__________ is fluid that builds up in the middle ear due to the presence and multiplication of bacteria

effusion

rhinitis often leads to acute otitis media bc of inflammation of the _________ tubes and buildup of fluid in the _______ ___________

eustachian; middle ear

A condition in which tuberculosis bacteria have spread to organs other than the lungs is referred to as ____________ TB

extrapulmonary

Signs and symptoms of scarlet fever include a high _____________ and a skin ____________ that feels like sandpaper

fever; rash

The treatment for uncomplicated acute otitis media has changed in the last decade due to _________.

increase in antibiotic-resistant biota

The specific lines of defense in the respiratory tract include ___________ in the alveoli and tonsils and specific ____________ in the mucus

macrophages; antibodies

The specific lines of defense in the respiratory tract include _____________ in the alveoli and tonsils and specific _____________ in the mucus

macrophages; antibodies

Signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include pain, swelling and redness of the throat ___________ , swollen __________, and sometimes white packets on the walls of the throat

mucosa; tonsils

The anatomical and first lines of defense in the upper respiratory system include _______ hairs, ________ on the epithelium of the trachea and bronchi, and ________ on the surface of membranes lining the upper respiratory tract.

nasal; cilia; mucus

The upper respiratory tract is composed of (in proper anatomical order): the nasal cavity, the ________ cavity, the ________, the epiglottis, and the ___________.

oral; larynx; throat

Even though they are considered "normal" biota, many ___________ bacteria are frequently present in the URS

pathogenic

The antibiotic of choice for S. pyogenes is ______________

penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes is the most serious cause of what

pharyngitis

inflammation of the throat is called

pharyngitis

The role of the normal biota in the upper respiratory tract is to

reduce the growth of harmful pathogens in the system

The most common group of viruses that causes the common cold is what

rhinovirus

Antibiotics are always used to treat pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes because

serious complications can occur if it is not treated

The symptoms of the common cold include ____________, scratchy _________ , and runny ___________

sneezing; throat; nose

S. pyogenes produces __________ whose action is to lyse red blood cells

streptolysin

Bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells causing an excessively strong reaction are called _______________

superantigens