CH 19: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System
Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses are all major causes of __________
the common cold
Which of the following applies to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria?
-club-shaped
Caseous lesions heal by
calcification
Sinusitis is caused by which general types of microorganisms?
-fungi -viruses -bacteria
Scarlet fever most often affects ____________.
school-age children
Which of the following statements regarding pharyngitis are correct?
-the incubation period for sore throats is generally 2-5 DAYS -pharyngitis often results in foul-smelling breath -pharyngitis caused by BACTERIA is severely painful -Pharyngitis caused by BACTERIA may be accompanied by nausea
The upper respiratory tract is composed of (proper anatomical order):
-the nasal cavity -the oral cavity -the larynx -the epiglottis -the throat
Pharyngitis is most commonly caused by a
virus
The main causative agent for tuberculosis is _______________ tubercuosis
M.
There _____ a vaccine for group A streptococci
is not
Which organs are most commonly involved in extrapulmonary TB?
-lymph nodes -kidneys -long bones -genital tract -brain -meninges
The best prevention for group A streptococci infection is good ______ _______
hand washing
The upper respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?
-nasal cavity -larynx -oral cavity -sinuses -epiglottis -pharynx
The lower respiratory tract includes:
-trachea -bronchi -bronchioles -alveoli
The signs and symptoms of secondary TB include:
-violent coughing -greenish or bloody sputum -low-grade fever -anorexia -weight loss -extreme fatigue -night sweats -chest pain -loss of appetite
The signs and symptoms of secondary TB DO NOT include:
-vomiting/nausea -high fever -weight gain -clear sputum
Rates of diptheria worldwide have steadily ____________
declined
What is used to prevent recurrences in children with frequent ear infections
insertion of tubes into eardrum
diphtheria is easily prevented by
routine vaccination
The __________ respiratory tract normally contains a large population of commensal microorganisms
upper
A ___________ against S. pneumoniae is part of recommended childhood preventative care
vaccine
Sinusitis can be caused by what
-allergy -infection -structural problems
Which approaches are effective in preventing the transmission of the common cold?
-covering the mouth and nose to prevent droplets from escaping -frequent and adequate handwashing
Which of the following applies to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria?
-gram positive -non-endospore-forming
What S. pyogenes virulence factors contribute to the bacterium's adhesiveness?
-lipoteichoic acid -hyaluronic acid capsule -M protein
In addition to Streptococcus pyogenes, pharyngitis can be caused by the same ___________ that causes the common cold, mechanical ____________, or sinus _______________
virus; irritation; drainage
Over ___________ different types of viruses cause the common cold
200
Untreated secondary tuberculosis has a _________ % mortality rate
60%
Streptococcus pyogenes belongs to which group of streptococci
A
what type of staining may be used to identify Mycobacterium in a sputum sample
Acid-fast
Diphtheria is an emerging disease worldwide
False
Primary infections of the upper respiratory tract are often caused by _____________, which can predispose a patient to a secondary infection caused by ______________.
viruses; bacteria
The current treatment for uncomplicated acute otitis media is
wait for resolution
The most common portal of entry for pathogens is the what
Respiratory tract
The presence of superantigens and the surface antigens' mimicry of host proteins are factors contributing to the virulence of
S. pyogenes
What is the term for inflammation of any of the 4 pairs of sinuses in the skull that is usually caused by allergies, infections, or structural issues in the nasal area
Sinusitis
Scarlet fever is only caused by ___________ strains that are themselves infected with a lysogenic bacteriophage
Streptococcus pyogenes
The majority of TB patients recover from the primary infection
True
In secondary tuberculosis, dormant bacteria are reactivated, ______________ expand and brain into the bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract, and the severe symptoms cause a gradual wasting of the body
tubercles
The _____________ _____________, also known as the Mantoux test, is a valuable diagnostic tool used TB that involves the injection of an M. tuberculosis protein into the dermis and observation for the visual sign of a call-mediated response
tuberculin reaction
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered ___________ - ________ because it is difficult to stain
acid- fast
The condition that is the most common cause of sinusitis is ____________
allergy
Oxygen exchange in the lungs occurs in the _____________.
alveoli
Streptococcus pyogenes is a facultative ___________ that ferments a wide variety of sugars
anaerobe
An initial viral infection can predispose a patient to a secondary ____________ infection in the upper respiratory tract
bacterial
Streptococcal pharyngitis will show _______-hemolytic acitivity on blood agar
beta
Viral pharyngitis will not show ____________-hemolytic activity on blood agar
beta
A typical necrotic lesion seen in TB as the lung tubercles break down is called a ________ lesion
caseous
who is most often affected by scarlet fever
children
The two groups that experience extrapulmonary tuberculosis are ___________ or ________________ patients
children; immunosuppressed
__________ is fluid that builds up in the middle ear due to the presence and multiplication of bacteria
effusion
rhinitis often leads to acute otitis media bc of inflammation of the _________ tubes and buildup of fluid in the _______ ___________
eustachian; middle ear
A condition in which tuberculosis bacteria have spread to organs other than the lungs is referred to as ____________ TB
extrapulmonary
Signs and symptoms of scarlet fever include a high _____________ and a skin ____________ that feels like sandpaper
fever; rash
The treatment for uncomplicated acute otitis media has changed in the last decade due to _________.
increase in antibiotic-resistant biota
The specific lines of defense in the respiratory tract include ___________ in the alveoli and tonsils and specific ____________ in the mucus
macrophages; antibodies
The specific lines of defense in the respiratory tract include _____________ in the alveoli and tonsils and specific _____________ in the mucus
macrophages; antibodies
Signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include pain, swelling and redness of the throat ___________ , swollen __________, and sometimes white packets on the walls of the throat
mucosa; tonsils
The anatomical and first lines of defense in the upper respiratory system include _______ hairs, ________ on the epithelium of the trachea and bronchi, and ________ on the surface of membranes lining the upper respiratory tract.
nasal; cilia; mucus
The upper respiratory tract is composed of (in proper anatomical order): the nasal cavity, the ________ cavity, the ________, the epiglottis, and the ___________.
oral; larynx; throat
Even though they are considered "normal" biota, many ___________ bacteria are frequently present in the URS
pathogenic
The antibiotic of choice for S. pyogenes is ______________
penicillin
Streptococcus pyogenes is the most serious cause of what
pharyngitis
inflammation of the throat is called
pharyngitis
The role of the normal biota in the upper respiratory tract is to
reduce the growth of harmful pathogens in the system
The most common group of viruses that causes the common cold is what
rhinovirus
Antibiotics are always used to treat pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes because
serious complications can occur if it is not treated
The symptoms of the common cold include ____________, scratchy _________ , and runny ___________
sneezing; throat; nose
S. pyogenes produces __________ whose action is to lyse red blood cells
streptolysin
Bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells causing an excessively strong reaction are called _______________
superantigens
