CH 2

rate

Absorption _____ depends on route, blood flow, and solubility of the drug

pharmacokinetics

All drugs are processed in the body through

condition

clinical reasearch phase II invovles patients who have the _____ they are trying to treat

2-10 yrs (average 5 yrs)

clinical research for a new drug could last for ____ years

20-100

clinical research phase I include _____ subjects tested on for 4 to 6 wks

dosing

clinical research phase III provide info on proper

Excretion

depends on GI tract and kidneys

Distribution

depends on circulation to be transported throughout body

Metabolism

depends on enzyme systems

Absorption

depends on route of administration

drug blood level

for certain drugs this is important to measure to make sure the drug is within therapeutic range

interference

probenecid & ampicilin are to drugs that cause

half-life

refers to the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body.

antagonistic effect

tetracycline + antacid = decreased absorption of tetracycline

Interference

the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the 2nd drug, therby increased activity of the 2nd drug

Duration of action

How long the drug has a pharmacologic effect

times

Many alterations in absorption can be managed by separating the ____ of administration

GI tract

Most drug interactions that alter absorption take place in the

2 months to 7 years

NDA reveiw for a new drug takes up to ___ months- ____ years

metabolism

The process whereby the body inactivates drugs

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)

What is the correct order that drugs pass through the body?

3.13 mg

When the nurse administers a 50-mg dose of a drug with a half-life of 6 hours, how many milligrams will remain in the body at 24 hours?

Displacement

_______ by a second drug could cause the first drug's activity to increase b/c of more unbound drug is available

Additive effect

two drugs with similar actions or taken for an increased effect

Adverse effects

undesired effect of a drug that which can be less serve and less common then a side effect.

displacement

warfarin + valproic acid = increase anticoagulant effect

drug presents

when a drug is circulating in the blood a sample may be drawn to determine

toxicity

when an adverse effect becomes serve

distribution

when drugs are transported throughout the body by body fluids to the sites of action

agonist

when it comes to drugs, the better the "fit," the better the response, this is called

Antagonistic effect

when one drug interferes with the action of another; the second drug is s/t conseidered the antidote to the 1st

Synergistic effect

when the combined effect of two drugs r greater than the sum of the effect of each drug given together

Heat and massage

will increase absorption.

30

within ____ days the FDA must make a decision on the basis safety and whether to allow clinical research for a drug

liver

primary organ of metabolism ; other sites are GI tract and lungs

Peak action

A drug reaches the highest concentration

absorption

A nurse can administer oral drugs with a glass of water to help with

idiosyncratic effect

A patient is being started on a new drug that has been used safely by many people for years. The patient has no known allergies, and the nurse administers the drug correctly. Suddenly the patient experiences a cardiac arrest. What is this type of reaction called?

antagonistic effect

A patient reports postoperative pain, and the nurse administers morphine (a narcotic analgesic) intravenously to ease the pain. Fifteen minutes later, the nurse notes that the patient is very drowsy, respirations are slow and shallow, and oxygen saturation is low. The nurse administers another drug that decreases the action of the morphine. What is this effect called?

Percutaneous

Absorbed through the skin and mucus membranes thru Inhalation, sublingual, or topical

drugs

Some _____cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier or the placental barrier; effective for meningitis

Parenteral

Bypasses the GI tract by using subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injection

Onset of action

Concentration of a drug is sufficient to start a pharmacologic response-feel releives

Drug level

Determines the amount of drug present

absorption

Drug is transferred from entry site into the body's circulating fluids for

Liberation

Drug released from dosage form and is dissolved in body fluid

unbound drugs

Drugs are bound to proteins in the blood during transportation

antagonists

Drugs that attach but do not elicit a response, called

excretion

Elimination of drug and metabolites some of the active drug from the body

blood supply

Organs with largest ______ receive the distributed drug most rapidly

food & water in the stomach

Process of converting oral drug can be influenced by

circulation

Subcutaneous and intramuscular injection absorption is affected by

circulation

The more a drug is "bound" to a protein, the less available it is to the

thickness & hydration

Topical medications applied to the skin can be influenced by skin thickness and hydration

Enteral

Via the gastrointestinal tract by the oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes

15.6

a patent receiving 1000 mg of a medication that has a half-life of 4 hours would have ____mg left after 24 hours.

increased

a patient wih poor kidney function will have _______ action & duration of a drug

Drugs

act by forming a chemical bond with specific receptor sites, similar to a key and lock.

Protein binding & fat solubility

affects distribution in the body

incompatibility

ampicilin + gentamicin = ampicilin inactivities gentamicin

absorption

antacids increase the gastric pH and can inhibit the dissolution of ketoconazole tablets is an example of alterations in

Carcinogen

any substance directly involved with causing cancer

Drug interactions

are caused by an alteration in metabolism, by inhibiting or stimulating the enzymes that metabolize a drug

Kidneys

are the major organ of excretion; some excreted in feces

synergistic effect

aspirin + codeine=

3%-6%

drug interactions represent _____% of preventable in-hospital adverse drug reation cases

increase, decrease

drug interactions, when combined will either _______ or _______ their action

partial agonists

drugs that attach and elicit a small response, but also block other responses, called

Teratogen

drugs that can effect prenatal development

Incompatibility

haziness, formation of precipitate (crystals), or change in color of the drug solution mix is signs of

addictive effect

hydrocodone + acetaminophen=

phase 4

includes refinig doses & potential drug interaction

the nurse

is expected to know the desired effect, side effects, adverse effects and allergic reactions of drugs

drug interactions

major component of the # of hospital emergency department visits & admission

intravenous

medications that are absorbed fastest

Allergic reactions

occurs b/c of previous exposure to an antigen (drug) that results in the development of antibodies agaisnt the drug

Idiosyncratic effects

occurs when s/t unusual happens when a drug is first administered

1-3 ( average 18 mon)

preclinical research & development of a drug, include animal testing and could last for ____yr