Ch. 2: Self and Social Comparison

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Self-serving Attributions

A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.

Self-esteem

A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.

Self-efficacy

A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self-worth.

Self-monitoring

Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression.

Self-schema

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

Independent Self

Construing one's identity as autonomous self.

Interdependent Self

Construing one's identity in relation to others.

Dual Attitude System

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attiudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habit.

Social Comparison

Evaluating one's abilities and opininos by comparing oneself with others.

Group-serving Bias

Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group).

Collectivism

Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

Possible Selves

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future.

Impact Bias

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

Terror Management Theory

Proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

Self-handicapping

Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

Defensive Pessimism

The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action.

Spotlight Effect

The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are.

Individualism

The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Locus of Control

The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.

Immune Neglect

The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system," which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.

Illusion of Transparency

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.

Learned Helplessness

The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated events.

False Consensus Effect

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.

Self-serving Bias

The tendency to perceive onself favorably.

False Uniqueness Effect

The tendency to underestimate he commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.

Planning Fallacy

The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.

Self-concept

What we know and believe about ourselves.

Self-presentation

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals.


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