ch. 20, 19, 8, 13, & 14. NDFS 1020

An overfat person can reduce his/her risk for CVD, stroke, and type 2 diabetes by losing _______ of excess body fat.

5-10%

citric acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

______ is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of adrenal glands.

Cortisol

One of the tasks that the FDA completes in an effort to keep the U.S. food supply safe is to regulate ________ and ________ food sold in interstate commerce.

Domestic, Imported

30-32 ATP

Electron Transport Chain

As acetyl CoA molecules are added to the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid, the fatty acid is able to

Elongate, store energy

True or false: Spot-reducing of the abdominal exercises.

False

When energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in _____ energy balance.

Positive

Anabolism

Refers to metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

when the body has access to oxygen, the pyruvate that is formed from glycolysis is converted to

acteyl coenzyme A.

FSIS staff...

inspects beef, poultry, and other food animals for diseases before and after slaughter. Also ensures that meat and poultry processing plants meet federal standards.

Niacin

Coenzyme: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, NADH, NADP)

Vitamin B-6

Coenzyme: Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)

Thiamin

Coenzyme: Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)

Riboflavin

Coenzyme: Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD, FADH2, FMN)

Section 8.2 Energy Metabooism

-Metabolism is defined as all of the chemical processes that take place in living cells -Coenzymes are a particular group of organic molecules that participate and facilitate enzymes reactions -Cellular energy is held in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. ATP is a high enerhy phosphate compound.

Section 8.1 Fueling the Body

-the primary fuels for the body are the macronutrients, predominantly carbohydrates and fats -energy is defined as the capacity to do work; the body runs on chemical energy from the metabolism of macronutrients

The following steps summarize the major changes that occur to acetyl CoA during the citric acid cycle:

1. The two-carbon acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle and binds to oxaloacetate, a four-carbon molecule. This initial reaction forms the six-carbon molecule, citrate 2. Citrate is converted to an intermediate compound that undergoes oxidation and loses a carbon atom in the form of CO2. NAD+ becomes NADH, and the five-carbon intermediate molecule, alpha-ketoglutarate, forms 3. Alpha-ketoglutrate undergoes oxidation, losing a carbon atom in CO2. Once again, a NAD+ molecule picks up hydrogen and becomes NADH. As a result, succinyl-CoA forms 4. During the next series of reactions, one ATP forms from GTP (a related compound), and the four-carbon intermediates (succinate and fumarate) release hydrogen ions that are picked up by FAD and NAD+ 5. Eventually, the cycle reaches the "ending point" by re-forming the four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate. As a result, oxaloacetate binds with acetyl CoA, so the cycle of chemical conversions can repeat itself.

Overfat adults are recommended to engage in more than ____ minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week to achieve clinical significant weight loss.

250

Phosphorylation

ATP can be re-formed by phosphorylation

skeletal muscle

Approximate Amount of Glycogen: 325 g

Liver

Approximate Amount of Glycogen: 90-100 g

Brandy is a 19-year-old woman who recently completed her first year of college. -excited to move away from overprotective parents. -college life and ger classes have been more stressful and difficult than expected. -9 weeks of school, felt depressed about grades and death of grandma. -moved in w all girls. became stressed about body weight and shape. -to prevent weight she avoided eating, recorded everything she ate, working out 2 hours day on 800 kcal. - lost 20 pounds during first year of college BMI dropped to 16.1Bran

Brandy has anorexia nervosa. Factors that contributed are: - she is female - 19 years old -age that eating disorders are most likely to occur. - controlling parents - stressful events Treatment - multidisciplinary approach that involves experts in nutrition, psychology, and medicine. -outpatient -psychotherapy, nutritional counseling, and possibly medication.

2 ATP

Citric Acid Cycle

Panthothenic acid

Coenzyme: Coenzyme A (CoA)

Oxaloacetate

Four-carbon molecule that is an important intermediate of the citric acid cycle

4 ATP

Glycolsis

Pathogens can be found in...

Human skin, nasal passages, and large intestine

____ ____ occurs in muscle cells and adipocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly.

Insulin resistance

Mary purchased raw milk at a local grocery store for her 7 yr old son. She researched health benefits about raw milk and found that is was marketed as "tested for harmful bacteria". After weeks of drinking raw milk, Chris: -had abdominal pain -fatigue - frequent diarrhea -blood in stool he was hospitalized w - bacterial infection that destroyed red blood cells and damaging kidney. - acute renal failure. three other kids were also hospitalized w same signs bc of raw milk. They had Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7

Some people chose raw milk bc its considered a "living food" that provides beneficial bacteria and natural enzymes that may be lost in pasteurization. Young children are more vulnerable to food-borne illnesses bc immune systems are immature and still developing. Other high risk groups include pregnant women, infants, older adults, and persons who suffer from serious chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems

Louisa was losing weight w a low carb diet, focused on lean meats and healthy fats. Her breath smells fruity and she is fatigued.

This diet results in fatty acid breakdown resulting in Ketogensis, which supplies acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate. She should ad at least 100 g of carbohydrates to her daily diet.

Pyruvate

Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.

Tony is a 29-year-old computer programmer who is 6 ft tall and weighs 245 pounds. His waist circumference is 42 in. He used to exercise for an hour a day. He now skips breakfast, eats from vending machines, and eats crappy.

Tony has a BMI of 33.2, which places him in the obese case 1 category. His waist circumference indicates he may have excess visceral fat, which increases his risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and metabolic syndrome. His environment contributes to thia. His job contributes to his sedentary life.He can reduce weight by reducing intake and increasing his physical activity.

acetyl coenzyme A

Two-carbon molecule formed from pyruvate

Parasite

a life form that lives on or in another organism and takes advantage of its host.

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)

a science-based, systematic approach to preventing food-borne illness by predicting which hazards are most likely to occur in a food production facility.

Local Health Departments...

are responsible for the inspection of food service establishments, enforcing compliance to the FDA Food Code and investigation of food safety complaints and illnesses.

lactic acid

compound formed from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism

Important components of a successful long-term weight loss include:

controlling calorie intake, modifying problem behaviors, engaging in regular physical activity.

Pathogens

disease causing agents

A limitation of BMI is that it does not consider a person's race or

gender

Plant and animal products that have been genetically altered are referred to as ______.

genetically modified organisms (GMOs')

Glycolysis

glyco= glucose lysis= breakdown

Coenzymes

group of organic compounds that often have B vitamins in their chemical structures.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

high-end phosphate compound

Android obesity is associated with

increased risk for serious chronic diseases, increased risk of inflammation, and men with an "apple" body shape.

Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?

increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis, increases protein catabolism

Nadia, a sudanese mother, brings her 10 month old son to a free local health clinic bc she worried bout health. He is weak w chronic diarrhea. The baby is undernourished and suffering from a water-borne infection. Nadia says she feeds baby ready-to-use formula and cooked rice. She dilutes formula from stream before feeding baby. THe dr gives the baby an antibiotic and tells Nadia to avoid diluting the formula. He also provides a supply of peanut-based supplement to mix into rice. also should boil water before using it.

infants under nutrition can be caused by mother's diluting the formula ad using only half amount necessary to meet the infants nutritional needs. the diarrhea is caused by stream water that has diarrhea causing pathogens. child's malnutrition may also be caused by diarrhea. breast feeding could have advantages. Baby gained weight from therapeutic food that added energy protein and micronutrient.

Food-borne illnesses

infections caused by microscopic disease-causing agents in food

Health problems associated with obesity include

infertility, metabolic syndrome, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis

energy metabolism

involves the chemical pathways that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrients and alcohol

contaminated food

item that is impure or unsafe for human consumption

Electron transport chain

linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic energy metabolism

Choose the health problems associated with obesity and overweight

metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hypertension stroke

Food-borne illnesses can occur when...

microscopic agents (microbes) or their toxic by-products enter food or water and then are consumed.

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

molecule that forms when ATP loses its terminal phosphate group

Glycogenolysis

pathway that breaks down glycogen into glucose molecules

Blood alcohol level is reported as

percentage of alcohol in blood

Catabolism

refers to metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones

Human cells obtain energy by

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients

Chemical Pathways

specific chemical reactions that occur in sequences

Energy

the capacity to do work

Pyruvate is converted to a _____ -carbon compound in the _____ when oxygen is present.

two, mitochondria

Which of the following health problems is associated with excess weight?

type 2 diabetes