Ch. 20, the circulatory system

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which of the following are vasoactive chemicals

-prostaglandins -bradykinin -histamine

which three of these blood vessels are classified as distributing arteries?

-pulmonary artery -renal artery -femoral artery

BP is determined by which three variables?

-resistance to flow -blood volume -cardiac output

the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the

-right subclavian artery - right common carotid artery

the most prominent veins which carry blood from the shoulder region to the heart are the:

-subcalvian -superior vena cava -brachiocephalic

parietal branches of the thoracic aorta include

-superior phrenic arteries -subcostal arteries -posterior intercostal arteries

if a thrombus blocked blood flow in the deep bracial artery, blood could still reach the forearm via the

-superior ulnar collateral artery -brachial artery

which of these would be classified as large veins?

-superior venae cavae -pulmonary veins -renal veins -internal jugular veins

list four areas that would experience impaired blood flow if a thrombus lodged in the external carotid artery

-teeth -thyroid gland -tongue -scalp

list three areas that would experience impaired blood flow if a thrombus lodged in the internal carotid artery

-temporal lobe -parietal lobe -orbits

list two effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) activity

-vasoconstriction -water retention

filtrate will move through this area of a cell

filtration pores

______________ venules receive blood from the postcapillary venules

muscular

_______________ venules receive blood from capillaries

postcapillary

regarding vessel diameter, widespread ______________ raises the blood pressure, while widespread ____________________ lowers it

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

the vasomotor center regulates

vasomotion

the vessels that carry blood back to the heart

veins

as blood flows through vessels, it encounters forces, caused by several factors, that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called peripheral ___________________

resistance

regions of the aorta in the order of blood flow from the heart

1) ascending aorta 2) aortic arch 3) descending aorta 4) thoracic aorta 5) abdominal aorta

list the branches of the aortic arch listing the most proximal branch first and the most distal branch last

1) brachiocephalic trunk 2) left common carotid 3) left subclavian

a weak, bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel that presents a threat of hemorrhage is known as

aneurysm

atherosclerosis will increase blood pressure by

increasing peripheral resistance

name the part of the cerebral arterial circle that arises from the basilar artery, travels posteriorly to the rear of the brain, to the occipital lobes, as well as to the midbrain and thalamus

posterior cerebral arteries

Constriction of these sphincters ____________ the blood flow through their respective capillaries.

reduces

also known as small arteries, arteries that are usually too small to be given individual names are known as _____________ arteries

resistance

list the order of veins as blood would flow from the foot to the inferior vena cava

1) dorsal venous arch 2) great saphenous vein 3) external ilian vein 4) common iliac vein 5) inferior vena cava

list the arteries, in order, that a RBC must travel to get from the left ventricle to the tongue

1) aortic arch 2) brachiocephalic trunk 3) right common carotid artery 4) external carotid artery 5) lingual artery

what is the physiological benefit of an arteriovenous shunt in the fingers and toes?

it reduces heat loss in cold weather

supplies the skin and muscles of the face

facial a

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.

false

aldosterone leads to decreased blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and thus water by the kidneys

false

true or false: conducting arteries exert the greatest control over peripheral resistance and blood flow

false

true or false: net filtration pressure (NFP) is the same at the arterial end of a capillary bed as it is at the venous end

false

Which type of capillary is especially important in organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration?

fenestrated

____________________ capillaries have endothelial cells riddled with holes called filtration pores

fenestrated

neurogenic shock

form a venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone

the longest vein in the body is the ____________- _____________ vein

great saphenous

BP is ___________ in the systemic circuit than in the pulmonary circuit

higher

brief episodes of cerebral ischemia produce

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

identify the three primary branches of the celiac trunk

- left gastric artery - common hepatic artery -splenic artery

which of the following can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane?

- oxygen - carbon dioxide - steroid hormones

which of the following are examples of conducting arteries?

-aorta -common carotid artery -pulmonary trunk -subclavian arteries

portal systems occur in which of the following?

-between the intestines and liver -kidneys -between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

the femoral artery descends on the medial side of the femur giving rise to the following three arteries

-deep femoral artery -popliteal artery -circumflex femoral artery

common causes of hypovolemic shock include

-dehydration -burns -bleeding ulcers -hemorrhage

the most significant factors which influence blood viscosity are

-erythrocyte count -albumin concentration

the visceral branches of the thoracic aorta include

-esophageal arteries -bronchial arteries -mediastinal arteries

which of these arteries, that branch from the thoracic aorta, directly supply blood to the viscera of the thorax

-esophageal arteries -bronchial arteries -mediastinal arteries

the effects of a stroke or cerebrovascular accident can include

-loss of sensation -loss of speech -blindness -paralysis

all forms of circulatory shock fall into two categories

-low venous return shock -cardiogenic shock

the function of the aortic bodies is to

-monitor blood pH -monitor CO2 levels -monitor O2 levels

all of the following regarding the inferior vena cava are true except

-the inferior vena cava drains blood from the superior portion of the body

in a reclining individual, mean arterial pressure would be _____________ in the arm than in the foot

higher

The shift in fluid at the arterial end of the capillary is CAUSED by blood ____________ pressure.

hydrostatic

_______________ is the physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall

hydrostatic pressure

an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood is known as _____________

hypercapnia

if a tissue's blood supply is cut off for a time and then restored, it often exhibits reactive ___________, a higher than normal level of blood flow

hyperemia

__________________ is sthe term used to indicate the alteration of blood pressure that can result from blood loss and/or dehydration

hypotension

a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is known as ______________

hypoxia

Which of the following is not detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?

blood pressure

________________ is defined as the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall

blood pressure

_______________ contribute to vessel growth and repair by retaining the ability to differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells

pericytes

the _____________ ________________ artery arises from the internal carotids, travels anteriorly, then posteriorly over the corpus callosum to supply the frontal and parietal lobes

anterior cerebral

all of the following are tributaries of the inferior vena cava except

azygous vein

blood flow into the capillary beds is regulated by _______________ _____________, structures surrounding the entry into the capillary beds

precapillary sphincters

in arteries, blood flow surges with the heartbeat. This pattern of blood flow is referred to as __________ bloodflow

pulsatile

subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure calculates the _________________ pressure

pulse

angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that ______________ the blood pressure

raises

arterioles are the smallest ____________ arteries

resistance

systemic edema results from failure of the ____________ ventricle

right

a modified, relatively dilated vein that lacks smooth muscle and is incapable of vasomotion is known as a ________________

sinus

___________ are irregular blood-filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and some other organs

sinusoids

in continuous capillaries, the endothelium forms a continuous tube held together by _____________ junctions

tight

Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the ____________ end

venous

______________ are veins with especially thin walls, large lumens, and no smooth muscle

venous sinuses

Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end renters the capillaries at the venous end?

90

Which of the following is not a mechanism that assists venous return?

Central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules

after the ascending aorta but before the descending aorta

aortic arch

___________ carry blood away from the heart

arteries

a small vessel that empties into a capillary is a

arteriole

the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis is known as

autoregulation

a __________ is an automatic, negative feedback response to changes in BP

baroreflex

the narrowest type of vessel in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems that engages in fluid exchanges with surrounding tissues is called an _____________--

capillary

cardiogenic shock

caused by inadequate pumping by the heart

The ____________ is measured when the heart is relaxing and represents the lowest pressure exerted in the walls of the arteries during the heart cycle.

diastolic blood pressure

______________ blood pressure is the arterial BP attained during ventricular relaxation

diatolic

supplies most external head structures except the orbits

external carotid a

Heart rate and stroke volume decrease with a decrease in parasympathetic stimulation.

false

The lymphatic capillaries reabsorb as much as 20% of the fluid lost by the blood capillaries.

false

When the sphincters are open, blood will ____________ the capillary bed.

fill

Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via which nerve?

glossopharyngeal nerve

supplies the orbits and 80% of the cerebrum

internal carotid a

The blood flow to the body organs __________.

is inversely proportional to the resistance of the arterioles leading to them

What is the effect of vasoconstriction?

it decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure

What is the effect of vasodilation?

it increase blood flow and decreases blood pressure

This is the physical force exerted by a ____________ against a surface like a capillary wall.

liquid

When one third of pulse pressure is added to the diastolic pressure, a good estimate of ____________ is obtained.

mean arterial pressure

Which of the following contains chemoreceptors?

medulla o

___________ are the type of blood vessels that links arterioless to ccapillaries

metarterioles

in the coronary blood vessels, ______________ and ______________ bind to B-adrenergic receptors and cause vasodilation

norepinehrine and epinephrine

obstructed venous return shock

occurs when any object compresses a vein and impedes its blood flow

septic shock

occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

low venous return shock

occurs when cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart

Typically, fluid filters ____________ the arterial end of a capillary.

out

hypovolemic shock

produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage trauma

the primary purpose of the ____________ circuit is for the blood to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen

pulmonary

Subtracting the SBP from the DBP results in ____________ which is directly proportional to the overall strength of one's pulse.

pulse pressure

anaphylactic shock

results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic

Capillary beds have precapillary ____________ at the junction of capillaries and the metarteriole.

sphincters

this is the process of moving large amounts into and out of a cell

transcytosis

The net osmotic pressure is equal at both the arterial and the venous ends of the capillary.

true

The sum of the blood velocity of arterioles is equal to the blood velocity of the artery that feeds them.

true

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are characterized by temporary dizziness, loss of vision or other senses, weakness, paralysis, headache, or aphasia.

true

true or false: the hepatic portal system allows blood to flow from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver before returning to the heart

true

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?

vagus nerve

postcapillary _____________ are the smallest of veins

venules

supplies spinal cord, cervical vertebrae, neck muscles, and brain

vertebral a.

This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its ____________ .

waste

the superior vena cava is formed by the union of the two ____________ veins

brachiocephalic

Where are baroreceptors found?

carotid sinuses

what are the sympathetic responses to a drop in perfusion to the brain?

-widespread vasoconstriction of arteries except supplying the brain -increased heart rate -increased contractility force

pathway of blood from the heart to the forehead

1) aortic arch 2) brachiocephalic trunk 3) right common carotid artery 4) internal carotid artery 5) ophthalmic artery

list, in order from superior to inferior, the arteries that branch off of the abdonimal aorta

1) inferior phrenic arteries 2) celiac trunk 3) superior mesenteric arteries 4) renal arteries 5) gonadal arteries 6) common iliac arteries

Which of the following statements is not true concerning blood vessels?

As vessel size decreases in cross section, volume increases.

the flow per given volume or mass of tissue is known as ________

perfusion

the type of blood vessel regarded as capacitance vessels are _____________

veins

What is the best way to estimate the MAP?

Take the diastolic pressure and add one-third of the pulse pressure.

Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end?

The net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end

an anatomical convergence where blood vessels merge and combine their bloodstreams is known as an _______________

anastomosis

Which of the following statements is true concerning blood vessels?

The sum of the volume per minute of the blood in the capillaries is equal to the volume per minute in the artery that feeds them.

blood colloid osmostic pressure (COP) is primarily determined by which protein

albumin

the "salt retaining hormone" ______________ primarily promotes sodium retention by the kidneys

alsosterone

arterial ______________________ provide collateral routes of blood supply to a tissue

anastomoses

circulatory shock

any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs

the left subclavian artery branches off the

aortic arch

the smallest resistance arteries are called ______________

arterioles

degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the presence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall is known as ______________

atherosclerosis

divides to serve the right upper limb and right side of head

brachiocephalic trunk

_________ are microscopic, thin walled vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

capillaries

name the sinuses that are honeycomb in shape, located on each side of the body of the sphenoid bone, and that receive blood from the superior opthalmic vein of the orbit and the superficial middle cerebral vein

cavernous sinus

pass up the anterolareral region of the neck alongside the trachea

common carotid a.

__________________ shock is a response to shock in which homeostatic mechanisms maintain adequate blood pressure and blood flow to vital tissues

compensated

__________________ arteries are the largest type

conducting

also known as large or elastic arteries, ______________ arteries are classified as the largest

conducting

pressure and blood flow ___________ as blood moves a greater distance through a vessel

decrease

this process can occur passively

diffusion through endothelial cells

the cerebral arteries ______________ when systemic BP drops and _______________ when it rises, thus minimizing fluctuations in cerebral BP

dilate, constrict

Blood flow is __________.

directly proportional to the cross section of the blood vessel.

a chemical that increases urine output is called a __________

diuretic

When this occurs, blood is ____________ to tissue or organs elsewhere.

diverted

a fat ________________ can result from a blunt trauma injury to a bone, and can block cerebral or pulmonary blood vessels

embolism

the basal lamina is the non-cellular, proteinacious material that surrounds the capillary _______________ cells and separates it from adjacent connective tissue

endothelial

the ____________ acts as a selectively permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving the bloodstream

endothelium

a process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane (especially a capillary wall) is known as _______________-

filtration

Which of the following will not increase the heart rate?

increased BP

the __________ sagittal sinus is contained in the lower margin of the falx cerebri and arches over the corpus callosum

inferior

these are narrow passages between endothelial cells

intercellular clefts

a general insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called ______________

ischemia

lower blood pressure during pulmonary circulation is ideal because

it allows more time for gas exchanges and capillaries can engage in absorption to prevent fluid accumulation

the ________________ artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, supplies blood to the teeth, maxilla, oral cavity, and external ear

maxillary

vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of the tunica ___________

media

the _______________ ________________ reflex is an autonomic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain

medullary ischemic

which of the following hormones is secreted by the heart and has a generalized vasodilator effect that helps to lower blood pressure

natruiretic peptide

the difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and that of the tissue fluid, and usually favoring fluid absorption by the blood capillaries is known as ______________ pressure

oncotic

a decrease in BP that occurs when once stands, often resulting in blurring vision, dizziness, and syncope is called

orthostatic hypotension

the main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation is ___________

pH

the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of the ____________________ and the _____________ veins

subclavian; internal jugular

the _____________ circuit supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs and removes their metabolic wastes

systemic

The highest pressure exerted on the arterial walls during the heart cycle is referred to as ____________ .

systolic blood pressure

which mechanism of transport likely account for the smallest fraction of solute exchange across the capillary wall?

transytosis

Arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles.

true

Blood flow is affected by both blood pressure and vessel resistance.

true

Blood pressure is directly proportional to vessel resistance.

true

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes increased heart rate and stroke volume.

true

true or false: arterial blood in the pulmonary circuit is less oxygenated than the venous blood in the pulmonary circuit

true

true or false: capillary exchange is a tow way movement of fluids and substances

true

true or false: lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid insoluble substances must use channel proteins

true

veins that have become permently distended and convoluted due to a loss of competence of the venous valves are known as _______________ veins

varicose

arteries characteristics

-divergence -relatively thicker walls -thicker layers of smooth muscle -profuse elastic fibers in the tunica media

decreased flow

-increasing blood viscosity -increasing rbc cell count -increasing vessel lenght -dehydration -vasoconstriction -increased resistance

increased flow

-increasing vessel radius -increasing bp -increasing blood velocity -aldosterone hypersection

which three pairs of veins drain the majority of blood from the head and neck?

-internal jugular -vertebral vein -external jugular

the function of sensory receptors located in major arteries is to

-monitor blood chemistry -monitor blood pressure

identify the tissues that comprise the capillary endothelium

-simple squamous epithelium -loose connective

list the following vessels in order of those that have the highest blood pressure to those that have the lowest BP

1) aorta 2) systemic artery 3) capillary 4) venule 5) systemic vein 6) superior vena cava

rank the arteries of the upper limb from proximal to distal

1) axillary artery 2) brachial artery 3) radial artery 4) deep palmar arch

vessels in order through which blood would pass, beginning with blood entering the systemic circuit after exiting the heart

1) conducting arteries 2) distributing arteries 3) resistance arteries 4) arterioles 5) capillaries 6) post capillary venules 7) muscular venules 8) medium veins 9) venus sinuses 10) large veins

list the arteries in order as they descend and supply blood to the lower limb

1) external illiac artery 2) femoral artery 3) popliteal artery 4) anterior tibial artery 5) dorsal pedal artery

chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include

1) oxygen 2) hormones 3) glucose 4) amino acids

rank the types of veins from smallest to largest

1) postcapillary venules 2) muscular venules 3) medium veins 4) venous sinuses 5) large veins

the flow of a blood cell through the pulmonary circuit from the right ventricle

1) pulmonary trunk 2) pulmonary arteries 3) lobar arteries 4) alveolar capillaries 5) pulmonary veins 6) left atrium

the physiological functions of vasoreflexes are to

1) regulate blood pressure 2) modify perfusion to an organ or tissue

Choose the accurate statements regarding the effects of edema. Check all that apply.

-Cerebral edema can produce headaches, nausea, and sometimes delirium, seizures, and coma. -As the tissues become congested with fluid, oxygen delivery and waste removal are impaired and the tissues may begin to die. -Pulmonary edema presents a threat of suffocation as fluid replaces air in the lungs.

Which of the following occur during a period of exercise? Check all that apply.

-The sympathetic nervous system can selectively reduce blood flow to the kidneys and digestive tract. -The sympathetic nervous system can increase perfusion of the skeletal muscles. -Metabolite accumulation in a tissue can stimulate local vasodilation. -Metabolite accumulation in a tissue can stimulate local vasoconstriction.

which of the following are examples of sensory structures located inside arterial walls?

-chemoreceptors -baroreceptors

characteristics of veins

-convergence -relatively larger lumen -relatively larger diameter -contain valves -superficial locations -sites used for blood donation


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