Ch. 20, the circulatory system
which of the following are vasoactive chemicals
-prostaglandins -bradykinin -histamine
which three of these blood vessels are classified as distributing arteries?
-pulmonary artery -renal artery -femoral artery
BP is determined by which three variables?
-resistance to flow -blood volume -cardiac output
the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the
-right subclavian artery - right common carotid artery
the most prominent veins which carry blood from the shoulder region to the heart are the:
-subcalvian -superior vena cava -brachiocephalic
parietal branches of the thoracic aorta include
-superior phrenic arteries -subcostal arteries -posterior intercostal arteries
if a thrombus blocked blood flow in the deep bracial artery, blood could still reach the forearm via the
-superior ulnar collateral artery -brachial artery
which of these would be classified as large veins?
-superior venae cavae -pulmonary veins -renal veins -internal jugular veins
list four areas that would experience impaired blood flow if a thrombus lodged in the external carotid artery
-teeth -thyroid gland -tongue -scalp
list three areas that would experience impaired blood flow if a thrombus lodged in the internal carotid artery
-temporal lobe -parietal lobe -orbits
list two effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) activity
-vasoconstriction -water retention
filtrate will move through this area of a cell
filtration pores
______________ venules receive blood from the postcapillary venules
muscular
_______________ venules receive blood from capillaries
postcapillary
regarding vessel diameter, widespread ______________ raises the blood pressure, while widespread ____________________ lowers it
vasoconstriction, vasodilation
the vasomotor center regulates
vasomotion
the vessels that carry blood back to the heart
veins
as blood flows through vessels, it encounters forces, caused by several factors, that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called peripheral ___________________
resistance
regions of the aorta in the order of blood flow from the heart
1) ascending aorta 2) aortic arch 3) descending aorta 4) thoracic aorta 5) abdominal aorta
list the branches of the aortic arch listing the most proximal branch first and the most distal branch last
1) brachiocephalic trunk 2) left common carotid 3) left subclavian
a weak, bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel that presents a threat of hemorrhage is known as
aneurysm
atherosclerosis will increase blood pressure by
increasing peripheral resistance
name the part of the cerebral arterial circle that arises from the basilar artery, travels posteriorly to the rear of the brain, to the occipital lobes, as well as to the midbrain and thalamus
posterior cerebral arteries
Constriction of these sphincters ____________ the blood flow through their respective capillaries.
reduces
also known as small arteries, arteries that are usually too small to be given individual names are known as _____________ arteries
resistance
list the order of veins as blood would flow from the foot to the inferior vena cava
1) dorsal venous arch 2) great saphenous vein 3) external ilian vein 4) common iliac vein 5) inferior vena cava
list the arteries, in order, that a RBC must travel to get from the left ventricle to the tongue
1) aortic arch 2) brachiocephalic trunk 3) right common carotid artery 4) external carotid artery 5) lingual artery
what is the physiological benefit of an arteriovenous shunt in the fingers and toes?
it reduces heat loss in cold weather
supplies the skin and muscles of the face
facial a
Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.
false
aldosterone leads to decreased blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and thus water by the kidneys
false
true or false: conducting arteries exert the greatest control over peripheral resistance and blood flow
false
true or false: net filtration pressure (NFP) is the same at the arterial end of a capillary bed as it is at the venous end
false
Which type of capillary is especially important in organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration?
fenestrated
____________________ capillaries have endothelial cells riddled with holes called filtration pores
fenestrated
neurogenic shock
form a venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone
the longest vein in the body is the ____________- _____________ vein
great saphenous
BP is ___________ in the systemic circuit than in the pulmonary circuit
higher
brief episodes of cerebral ischemia produce
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
identify the three primary branches of the celiac trunk
- left gastric artery - common hepatic artery -splenic artery
which of the following can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane?
- oxygen - carbon dioxide - steroid hormones
which of the following are examples of conducting arteries?
-aorta -common carotid artery -pulmonary trunk -subclavian arteries
portal systems occur in which of the following?
-between the intestines and liver -kidneys -between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
the femoral artery descends on the medial side of the femur giving rise to the following three arteries
-deep femoral artery -popliteal artery -circumflex femoral artery
common causes of hypovolemic shock include
-dehydration -burns -bleeding ulcers -hemorrhage
the most significant factors which influence blood viscosity are
-erythrocyte count -albumin concentration
the visceral branches of the thoracic aorta include
-esophageal arteries -bronchial arteries -mediastinal arteries
which of these arteries, that branch from the thoracic aorta, directly supply blood to the viscera of the thorax
-esophageal arteries -bronchial arteries -mediastinal arteries
the effects of a stroke or cerebrovascular accident can include
-loss of sensation -loss of speech -blindness -paralysis
all forms of circulatory shock fall into two categories
-low venous return shock -cardiogenic shock
the function of the aortic bodies is to
-monitor blood pH -monitor CO2 levels -monitor O2 levels
all of the following regarding the inferior vena cava are true except
-the inferior vena cava drains blood from the superior portion of the body
in a reclining individual, mean arterial pressure would be _____________ in the arm than in the foot
higher
The shift in fluid at the arterial end of the capillary is CAUSED by blood ____________ pressure.
hydrostatic
_______________ is the physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall
hydrostatic pressure
an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood is known as _____________
hypercapnia
if a tissue's blood supply is cut off for a time and then restored, it often exhibits reactive ___________, a higher than normal level of blood flow
hyperemia
__________________ is sthe term used to indicate the alteration of blood pressure that can result from blood loss and/or dehydration
hypotension
a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is known as ______________
hypoxia
Which of the following is not detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?
blood pressure
________________ is defined as the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall
blood pressure
_______________ contribute to vessel growth and repair by retaining the ability to differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells
pericytes
the _____________ ________________ artery arises from the internal carotids, travels anteriorly, then posteriorly over the corpus callosum to supply the frontal and parietal lobes
anterior cerebral
all of the following are tributaries of the inferior vena cava except
azygous vein
blood flow into the capillary beds is regulated by _______________ _____________, structures surrounding the entry into the capillary beds
precapillary sphincters
in arteries, blood flow surges with the heartbeat. This pattern of blood flow is referred to as __________ bloodflow
pulsatile
subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure calculates the _________________ pressure
pulse
angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that ______________ the blood pressure
raises
arterioles are the smallest ____________ arteries
resistance
systemic edema results from failure of the ____________ ventricle
right
a modified, relatively dilated vein that lacks smooth muscle and is incapable of vasomotion is known as a ________________
sinus
___________ are irregular blood-filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and some other organs
sinusoids
in continuous capillaries, the endothelium forms a continuous tube held together by _____________ junctions
tight
Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the ____________ end
venous
______________ are veins with especially thin walls, large lumens, and no smooth muscle
venous sinuses
Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end renters the capillaries at the venous end?
90
Which of the following is not a mechanism that assists venous return?
Central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules
after the ascending aorta but before the descending aorta
aortic arch
___________ carry blood away from the heart
arteries
a small vessel that empties into a capillary is a
arteriole
the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis is known as
autoregulation
a __________ is an automatic, negative feedback response to changes in BP
baroreflex
the narrowest type of vessel in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems that engages in fluid exchanges with surrounding tissues is called an _____________--
capillary
cardiogenic shock
caused by inadequate pumping by the heart
The ____________ is measured when the heart is relaxing and represents the lowest pressure exerted in the walls of the arteries during the heart cycle.
diastolic blood pressure
______________ blood pressure is the arterial BP attained during ventricular relaxation
diatolic
supplies most external head structures except the orbits
external carotid a
Heart rate and stroke volume decrease with a decrease in parasympathetic stimulation.
false
The lymphatic capillaries reabsorb as much as 20% of the fluid lost by the blood capillaries.
false
When the sphincters are open, blood will ____________ the capillary bed.
fill
Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via which nerve?
glossopharyngeal nerve
supplies the orbits and 80% of the cerebrum
internal carotid a
The blood flow to the body organs __________.
is inversely proportional to the resistance of the arterioles leading to them
What is the effect of vasoconstriction?
it decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure
What is the effect of vasodilation?
it increase blood flow and decreases blood pressure
This is the physical force exerted by a ____________ against a surface like a capillary wall.
liquid
When one third of pulse pressure is added to the diastolic pressure, a good estimate of ____________ is obtained.
mean arterial pressure
Which of the following contains chemoreceptors?
medulla o
___________ are the type of blood vessels that links arterioless to ccapillaries
metarterioles
in the coronary blood vessels, ______________ and ______________ bind to B-adrenergic receptors and cause vasodilation
norepinehrine and epinephrine
obstructed venous return shock
occurs when any object compresses a vein and impedes its blood flow
septic shock
occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
low venous return shock
occurs when cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart
Typically, fluid filters ____________ the arterial end of a capillary.
out
hypovolemic shock
produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage trauma
the primary purpose of the ____________ circuit is for the blood to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
pulmonary
Subtracting the SBP from the DBP results in ____________ which is directly proportional to the overall strength of one's pulse.
pulse pressure
anaphylactic shock
results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic
Capillary beds have precapillary ____________ at the junction of capillaries and the metarteriole.
sphincters
this is the process of moving large amounts into and out of a cell
transcytosis
The net osmotic pressure is equal at both the arterial and the venous ends of the capillary.
true
The sum of the blood velocity of arterioles is equal to the blood velocity of the artery that feeds them.
true
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are characterized by temporary dizziness, loss of vision or other senses, weakness, paralysis, headache, or aphasia.
true
true or false: the hepatic portal system allows blood to flow from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver before returning to the heart
true
The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?
vagus nerve
postcapillary _____________ are the smallest of veins
venules
supplies spinal cord, cervical vertebrae, neck muscles, and brain
vertebral a.
This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its ____________ .
waste
the superior vena cava is formed by the union of the two ____________ veins
brachiocephalic
Where are baroreceptors found?
carotid sinuses
what are the sympathetic responses to a drop in perfusion to the brain?
-widespread vasoconstriction of arteries except supplying the brain -increased heart rate -increased contractility force
pathway of blood from the heart to the forehead
1) aortic arch 2) brachiocephalic trunk 3) right common carotid artery 4) internal carotid artery 5) ophthalmic artery
list, in order from superior to inferior, the arteries that branch off of the abdonimal aorta
1) inferior phrenic arteries 2) celiac trunk 3) superior mesenteric arteries 4) renal arteries 5) gonadal arteries 6) common iliac arteries
Which of the following statements is not true concerning blood vessels?
As vessel size decreases in cross section, volume increases.
the flow per given volume or mass of tissue is known as ________
perfusion
the type of blood vessel regarded as capacitance vessels are _____________
veins
What is the best way to estimate the MAP?
Take the diastolic pressure and add one-third of the pulse pressure.
Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end?
The net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end
an anatomical convergence where blood vessels merge and combine their bloodstreams is known as an _______________
anastomosis
Which of the following statements is true concerning blood vessels?
The sum of the volume per minute of the blood in the capillaries is equal to the volume per minute in the artery that feeds them.
blood colloid osmostic pressure (COP) is primarily determined by which protein
albumin
the "salt retaining hormone" ______________ primarily promotes sodium retention by the kidneys
alsosterone
arterial ______________________ provide collateral routes of blood supply to a tissue
anastomoses
circulatory shock
any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs
the left subclavian artery branches off the
aortic arch
the smallest resistance arteries are called ______________
arterioles
degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the presence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall is known as ______________
atherosclerosis
divides to serve the right upper limb and right side of head
brachiocephalic trunk
_________ are microscopic, thin walled vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins
capillaries
name the sinuses that are honeycomb in shape, located on each side of the body of the sphenoid bone, and that receive blood from the superior opthalmic vein of the orbit and the superficial middle cerebral vein
cavernous sinus
pass up the anterolareral region of the neck alongside the trachea
common carotid a.
__________________ shock is a response to shock in which homeostatic mechanisms maintain adequate blood pressure and blood flow to vital tissues
compensated
__________________ arteries are the largest type
conducting
also known as large or elastic arteries, ______________ arteries are classified as the largest
conducting
pressure and blood flow ___________ as blood moves a greater distance through a vessel
decrease
this process can occur passively
diffusion through endothelial cells
the cerebral arteries ______________ when systemic BP drops and _______________ when it rises, thus minimizing fluctuations in cerebral BP
dilate, constrict
Blood flow is __________.
directly proportional to the cross section of the blood vessel.
a chemical that increases urine output is called a __________
diuretic
When this occurs, blood is ____________ to tissue or organs elsewhere.
diverted
a fat ________________ can result from a blunt trauma injury to a bone, and can block cerebral or pulmonary blood vessels
embolism
the basal lamina is the non-cellular, proteinacious material that surrounds the capillary _______________ cells and separates it from adjacent connective tissue
endothelial
the ____________ acts as a selectively permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving the bloodstream
endothelium
a process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane (especially a capillary wall) is known as _______________-
filtration
Which of the following will not increase the heart rate?
increased BP
the __________ sagittal sinus is contained in the lower margin of the falx cerebri and arches over the corpus callosum
inferior
these are narrow passages between endothelial cells
intercellular clefts
a general insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called ______________
ischemia
lower blood pressure during pulmonary circulation is ideal because
it allows more time for gas exchanges and capillaries can engage in absorption to prevent fluid accumulation
the ________________ artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, supplies blood to the teeth, maxilla, oral cavity, and external ear
maxillary
vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of the tunica ___________
media
the _______________ ________________ reflex is an autonomic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain
medullary ischemic
which of the following hormones is secreted by the heart and has a generalized vasodilator effect that helps to lower blood pressure
natruiretic peptide
the difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and that of the tissue fluid, and usually favoring fluid absorption by the blood capillaries is known as ______________ pressure
oncotic
a decrease in BP that occurs when once stands, often resulting in blurring vision, dizziness, and syncope is called
orthostatic hypotension
the main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation is ___________
pH
the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of the ____________________ and the _____________ veins
subclavian; internal jugular
the _____________ circuit supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs and removes their metabolic wastes
systemic
The highest pressure exerted on the arterial walls during the heart cycle is referred to as ____________ .
systolic blood pressure
which mechanism of transport likely account for the smallest fraction of solute exchange across the capillary wall?
transytosis
Arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles.
true
Blood flow is affected by both blood pressure and vessel resistance.
true
Blood pressure is directly proportional to vessel resistance.
true
Increased sympathetic stimulation causes increased heart rate and stroke volume.
true
true or false: arterial blood in the pulmonary circuit is less oxygenated than the venous blood in the pulmonary circuit
true
true or false: capillary exchange is a tow way movement of fluids and substances
true
true or false: lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid insoluble substances must use channel proteins
true
veins that have become permently distended and convoluted due to a loss of competence of the venous valves are known as _______________ veins
varicose
arteries characteristics
-divergence -relatively thicker walls -thicker layers of smooth muscle -profuse elastic fibers in the tunica media
decreased flow
-increasing blood viscosity -increasing rbc cell count -increasing vessel lenght -dehydration -vasoconstriction -increased resistance
increased flow
-increasing vessel radius -increasing bp -increasing blood velocity -aldosterone hypersection
which three pairs of veins drain the majority of blood from the head and neck?
-internal jugular -vertebral vein -external jugular
the function of sensory receptors located in major arteries is to
-monitor blood chemistry -monitor blood pressure
identify the tissues that comprise the capillary endothelium
-simple squamous epithelium -loose connective
list the following vessels in order of those that have the highest blood pressure to those that have the lowest BP
1) aorta 2) systemic artery 3) capillary 4) venule 5) systemic vein 6) superior vena cava
rank the arteries of the upper limb from proximal to distal
1) axillary artery 2) brachial artery 3) radial artery 4) deep palmar arch
vessels in order through which blood would pass, beginning with blood entering the systemic circuit after exiting the heart
1) conducting arteries 2) distributing arteries 3) resistance arteries 4) arterioles 5) capillaries 6) post capillary venules 7) muscular venules 8) medium veins 9) venus sinuses 10) large veins
list the arteries in order as they descend and supply blood to the lower limb
1) external illiac artery 2) femoral artery 3) popliteal artery 4) anterior tibial artery 5) dorsal pedal artery
chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include
1) oxygen 2) hormones 3) glucose 4) amino acids
rank the types of veins from smallest to largest
1) postcapillary venules 2) muscular venules 3) medium veins 4) venous sinuses 5) large veins
the flow of a blood cell through the pulmonary circuit from the right ventricle
1) pulmonary trunk 2) pulmonary arteries 3) lobar arteries 4) alveolar capillaries 5) pulmonary veins 6) left atrium
the physiological functions of vasoreflexes are to
1) regulate blood pressure 2) modify perfusion to an organ or tissue
Choose the accurate statements regarding the effects of edema. Check all that apply.
-Cerebral edema can produce headaches, nausea, and sometimes delirium, seizures, and coma. -As the tissues become congested with fluid, oxygen delivery and waste removal are impaired and the tissues may begin to die. -Pulmonary edema presents a threat of suffocation as fluid replaces air in the lungs.
Which of the following occur during a period of exercise? Check all that apply.
-The sympathetic nervous system can selectively reduce blood flow to the kidneys and digestive tract. -The sympathetic nervous system can increase perfusion of the skeletal muscles. -Metabolite accumulation in a tissue can stimulate local vasodilation. -Metabolite accumulation in a tissue can stimulate local vasoconstriction.
which of the following are examples of sensory structures located inside arterial walls?
-chemoreceptors -baroreceptors
characteristics of veins
-convergence -relatively larger lumen -relatively larger diameter -contain valves -superficial locations -sites used for blood donation
