CH 21 Social Movements and Change

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expressive crowd

A large number of people at an event who display emotion, like at parties or funerals

conventional crowd

A number of people who have assembled for some specific purpose and who typically act in accordance with established norms, such as people attending a baseball game or concert.

casual crowd

Has no unity of purpose and no leadership, i.e.. shoppers, on-lookers, or watchers who come and go, and will usually respond to direction by police.

nongovernmental organizations

International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.

flash mobs

Refers to a group of people who assemble, seemingly spontaneously, in a public place, perform an act, and quickly disperse.

value added theory

a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur: awareness of a problem, tension, spread of a belief, collective behavior, mobilization, and social control.

crowd

a large number of people gathered together

public

a large number of people who share ideas; they do not have to be near each other

mass

a large number of people with a common interest; they do not have to be near each other

collective behavior

a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage

new social movement theory

a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

assembling perspective

a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action

resource mobilization theory

a theory that explains social movements' success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals

acting crowd

an excited group of people who move toward a goal, like in protests or riots

emergent norm theory

assumes individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior and that norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors

social change

change in society created by social movements and other external factors

crowdsourcing

consumers give money directly to marketers to develop products

reform movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

revolutionary movements

movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

religious/redemptive movements

movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

institutionalization stage of social movement

organizational structure develops

preliminary stage of social movement

people become aware of an issue and leaders emerge

coalescence stage of social movement

people begin to organize and to publicize the problem

social movements

purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal

alternative movements

social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals

prognostic framing

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

motivational framing

the call to action: what should you do once you agree with the diagnostic frame and believe in the prognostic frame?

social movement industry

the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals

existing social movement sector

the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals

modernization

the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

frame alignment process

using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement. -bridging: connects groups with similar interests -amplification: expand ideals -extension: promoting organizations with different but noncompeting goals -transformation: revise goals once completed

decline stage of social movement

when the movement has brought about change or has lost interest, it begins to fade

diagnostic framing

when the social problem is stated in a clear, easily understood manner


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