CH 21 Social Movements and Change
expressive crowd
A large number of people at an event who display emotion, like at parties or funerals
conventional crowd
A number of people who have assembled for some specific purpose and who typically act in accordance with established norms, such as people attending a baseball game or concert.
casual crowd
Has no unity of purpose and no leadership, i.e.. shoppers, on-lookers, or watchers who come and go, and will usually respond to direction by police.
nongovernmental organizations
International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.
flash mobs
Refers to a group of people who assemble, seemingly spontaneously, in a public place, perform an act, and quickly disperse.
value added theory
a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur: awareness of a problem, tension, spread of a belief, collective behavior, mobilization, and social control.
crowd
a large number of people gathered together
public
a large number of people who share ideas; they do not have to be near each other
mass
a large number of people with a common interest; they do not have to be near each other
collective behavior
a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage
new social movement theory
a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories
assembling perspective
a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action
resource mobilization theory
a theory that explains social movements' success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals
acting crowd
an excited group of people who move toward a goal, like in protests or riots
emergent norm theory
assumes individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior and that norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors
social change
change in society created by social movements and other external factors
crowdsourcing
consumers give money directly to marketers to develop products
reform movements
movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure
revolutionary movements
movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society
religious/redemptive movements
movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals
institutionalization stage of social movement
organizational structure develops
preliminary stage of social movement
people become aware of an issue and leaders emerge
coalescence stage of social movement
people begin to organize and to publicize the problem
social movements
purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal
alternative movements
social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals
prognostic framing
social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation
motivational framing
the call to action: what should you do once you agree with the diagnostic frame and believe in the prognostic frame?
social movement industry
the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals
existing social movement sector
the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals
modernization
the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies
frame alignment process
using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement. -bridging: connects groups with similar interests -amplification: expand ideals -extension: promoting organizations with different but noncompeting goals -transformation: revise goals once completed
decline stage of social movement
when the movement has brought about change or has lost interest, it begins to fade
diagnostic framing
when the social problem is stated in a clear, easily understood manner