Ch. 22 Cold War US History

Crisis In Iran

- During World War II, the United States had troops in southern Iran while Soviet troops held northern Iran to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf. - Stalin then began demanding access to Iran's oil supplies. - American officials saw these actions as a Soviet push into the Middle East. - At the same time, the battleship USS Missouri sailed into the eastern Mediterranean.

Armistice Ends Fighting

- In July 1953, negotiators signed an armistice. The battle line between the two sides in Korea, which was very near the prewar boundary, became the border between North Korea and South Korea. - There has never been a peace treaty to end the war.

Truman Fires Mc Aurthur

- President Truman refused MacArthur's demands because he did not want to expand the war into China or to use the atomic bomb. - A limited war was a form of appeasement, he argued, and appeasement "begets new and bloodier war."

Creating the United Nations

- Roosevelt wanted to create a group from each state that would prevent a war from happening. - He also wanted to set up a group that included the United States and their allies to preserve peace between the countries. - where a person from each nation could have the power to vote for or against a problem that they were facing. - France, Great Britain,China, the soviet union and the US would each have the power to veto an idea.

China enters the war

- The Communist People's Republic of China saw the advancing UN troops as a threat and warned them to halt their advance. - As his troops fell back, an angry MacArthur demanded approval to expand the war against China. He asked for a blockade of Chinese ports, the use of Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist forces, and the bombing of Chinese cities with atomic weapons.

Changes In Policy

- The Korean War marked a turning point in the Cold War. - Until 1950, the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain communism. - After the Korean War began, the United States embarked on a major military buildup. - The war also helped expand the Cold War to Asia. - Before 1950, American efforts to contain communism focused on Europe. - By 1954 the United States signed defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The United States also formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) with seven other countries in 1954. - Aid also began flowing to French forces fighting Communists in Vietnam.

American Economic Troubles

- The U.S believed that the Great Depression became so severe because nations reduced trade and that when nations stop trading, they are forced into war to get resources. - Roosevelt and his advisers were convinced that economic growth through world trade was the key to peace. - They also thought that the free enterprise system, with private property rights and limited government intervention in the economy, was the best route to prosperity.

Potsdam Conference pt 2

- Truman learned of the successful U.S. atomic bomb tests. He hinted to Stalin that the United States had a new, powerful weapon. - Stalin suspected Truman of trying to bully him. He thought the Americans wanted to limit reparations to keep the Soviets weak. - Stalin had to accept the terms. American and British troops controlled Germany's industrial heartland, and there was no way for the Soviets to get reparations without cooperating. - The Potsdam Conference marked yet another increase in tensions.

Truman Takes Control

- Truman was very anti-communist and Truman immediately brought up Poland and demanded that Stalin hold free elections as he had promised at Yalta. - The meeting marked an important shift in Soviet-American relations and set the stage for further confrontations.

UN's Response to the war

- passed a resolution that Genocide would be punishable internationally - This became the first UN treaty - Eleanor Roosevelt chaired the UN commision of human rights, which promoted rights for every human being.

Violations of the Yalta conference

- the soviets pressured the king of Romania into having a communist government - the soviets refused to let more than three non-communist poles into the polish government - there was no indication that russia would hold free elections

Soviet Concerns

- the soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and wanted to make sure that they were under soviet's control. - soviets believed that communism was superior and would eventually replace capitalism - they accepted Lenins theory of that capitalism would soon destroy communism - this made them suspicios of capitalist nations.

The Creation of NATO

-On April 4, 1949, 12 nations signed an agreement establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and declaring that an armed attack against one member would be considered an attack against all. The NATO countries would, moreover, maintain a standing military force in Europe to defend against what many policy makers believed was the threat of a Soviet invasion. Soviets made an alliance of their own with communist governments with the Warsaw Pact

The Iron Curtain Descends

-The Soviets refused to make stronger commitments to uphold the Declaration of Liberated Europe. - The presence of the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that pro-Soviet Communist governments would eventually be established in the nations of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. - On March 5, 1946, in a speech delivered in Fulton, Missouri, Churchill referred to an "iron curtain" falling across Eastern Europe.

The Bretton Woods System

1944 UN Conference in New Hampshire, World Bank gave private loans for European reconstruction after WWII and for development of the 3rd World, IMF stabilized currency values and provided predictable monetary environment for trade, 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) est'd international body to oversee trade rules/practices

The Long Telegram

1946 - a cable sent by George Kennan while serving at the U.S. embassy to the Soviet Union in Moscow, in which he outlined the policy of containment that the US would adopt for most of the Cold War. Later, Kennan would anonymously publish a version of the telegram as the X Article in the journal Foreign Affairs.

The Marshall Plan

1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild

Containg Communism

Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

Dividing Germany

Divided Germany into four zones. Great Britain, US, Soviet Union, and France each control one zone. Also divided Berlin even though it was in Soviet zone.

The Korean War

In June 1950 the N. Korean army invaded S. Korea, quickly taking Seoul. The UN Security Counsil met in emergency session and declared the invasion an unwarranted aggression. After three years of fighting, the war ended in stalemate.

The Berlin Airlift

Stalin cut off land access to Berlin as a challenge to the West.US heads a massive 9-month airlift to bring food, clothes, etc. to the citizens of West Berlin. stalin backs down

The Yalta Conference- Poland

Stalin promised free elections in Poland and other Soviet-occupied Eastern European countries. He also agreed to join in the war against Japan. In addition, he agreed to participate in an international conference to take place in April. There, Roosevelt's dream of a United Nations would become a reality.

The Chinese Revolution

The Chinese communist revolution or the 1949 revolution was the culmination of the Chinese Communist Party's tries to our senses founding in 1921 and the second part of the Chinese Civil War, the communists won, setting up the republic of china

New Policies in Japan

The Chinese revolution brought about a significant change in American policy toward Japan. At the end of World War II, General Douglas MacArthur had taken charge of occupied Japan. His mission was to introduce democracy and keep Japan from threatening war again. Once the United States lost China as its chief ally in Asia, it adopted policies to encourage the rapid recovery of Japan's industrial economy.

Developments in the Korean and Asian War

The Cold War eventually spread beyond Europe. Conflicts also emerged in Asia, where events in China and Korea brought about a new attitude toward Japan and sent American troops back into battle in Asia less than five years after World War II had ended.

The Truman Doctorine

The Truman Doctorine outlined a policy that became known as the Truman Doctrine. Its goal was to aid those who worked to resist being controlled by others.

The Potsdam Conference

This final WWII meeting of the leaders of the US, USSR, and Britain in July 1945 divided Germany into 4 occupation zones and agreed that the country be demilitarized and democratized, that its annexations be undone, that it pay reparations, and that Nazi war criminals be prosecuted

The Declaration of Liberated Europe- Yalta

promised the people of Europe to create democratic institutions of their own choice and pledged the earliest possible establishments through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people