CH. 22 Lecture (Immune System)
MHC class I molecules are
glycoproteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______.
hapten
Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response.
haptens
Interferons
help protect healthy cells from a virus are types of cytokines are warning chemicals are secreted by virus infected cell
Human immunodeficiency virus attacks ____________________ in the body of an AIDS patient.
helper T-cells
The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and ______.
helper T-lymphocytes
Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation
histamine
Antibody-mediated immunity is also called ______ immunity.
humoral
B lymphocytes take an active part in _________________ immunity.
humoral
Identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes.
hyaluronic acid
Pyrogens target the ______.
hypothalamus
Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have
immune privilege
An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed
immunogenicity
Antibodies are ______.
immunoglobulins
Antibody titer is a measure of _____
immunologic memory
What causes redness and heat in an inflamed area?
increased blood flow
Inflamed tissue feels warm due to
increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity
The complement system ______ the inflammatory response.
increases
Identify the function of pyrogens.
induce fever
Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of
inflammation
The inflammation response triggers all of the following except
inhibition of mucus
The function of helper T-lymphocytes is to
initiate and oversee the immune response.
Antimicrobial proteins are part of the ______ immune system.
innate
Nonspecific immunity is another name for _________ immunity
innate
Skin and mucous membranes provide what type of immunity?
innate immunity
The skin is an example of ______.
innate immunity
In ________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same regardless of the pathogen, but in _________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is specific to the particular pathogen present
innate; adaptive
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes is called _______, also referred to as IFN.
interferon
Often a virus-infected cell will release _________ to prevent spread of the infection.
interferon
Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ______.
interferons and complement
Activated helper T cells release which two of the following to stimulate other immune cells?
interleukins cytokines
Foreign antigen description
introduced from outside the body
Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the ________ phase.
latent
During inflammation, more fluid immune cells, and proteins ______ the capillaries.
leave
IgM is ______ versatile than IgG in its biological functions.
less
Identify the benefits of fever.
-Promotion of interferon activity -Inhibition bacteria reproduction -Accelerated tissue repair
Where are complement proteins synthesized?
liver
Select all that are true regarding cytokines.
-their actions are similar to hormones -they regulate immune cells -they include interleukins
Where are alveolar macrophages found?
lungs
Identify the lymphatic tissues.
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
Natural killer cells are a type of ______.
lymphocyte
Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen?
lymphocyte recirculation
Correctly order the events of inflammation.
1. Release of chemicals 2. Vasodilation 3. Recruitment of immune cells 4. Delivery of plasma proteins
Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction.
1. sensitization phase 2. activation phase 3. effector phase
A booster shot for tetanus is recommended every ______ years.
10
A fever is considered significant when it is above ______ degrees F. Choose the minimum level it is considered significant.
100
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes.
100,000
Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ______.
109 degrees Fahrenheit
Fever is defined by having a body temperature of ______ or higher.
38 degrees Celsius
What is the half-life of IgA in the blood?
5.5 days
Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ____ hours after injury.
72
Mucus, tears and saliva carry immunoglobulin (Ig) _______
A
Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order.
APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule helper T cell binds APC helper T cell secretes IL-2 helper T cell proliferates
Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells and NK cells are:
lymphocytes
Vesicles with infectious agents that formed during phagocytosis merge with ______.
lysosomes
Identify the enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria.
lysozyme
Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.
Active immunity may result from direct exposure to an antigen. Active immunity includes the development of memory cells
Histamines
Amine released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells; cause vasodilation
Which of the following is not an example of nonspecific (innate) immunity?
Antigens
Vaccines are administered to increase the number of memory ______ cells you have for a specific antigen.
B
Place the events of B cell activation in order ______.
B cell binds free antigen B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 B cell proliferates
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?
B cells cytotoxic T cells
Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?
lysozyme
Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes.
lysozyme immunoglobulin A sebum
Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.
margination
Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin.
mast cells basophils
Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______.
CD4 cells
The first signal during helper T-lymphocyte activation involves
CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen-presenting cell
Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur?
CD40 surface protein CD154 protein cytokines
During the inflammatory response ______ degranulate and release ________.
mast cells; histamine
Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______.
memory B-lymphocytes
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and antibody-mediated immunity?
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while antibody-mediated immunity releases antibodies to do so
CD8 cells are also called ______.
Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following terms describes the migration of neutrophils from blood vessels?
Diapedesis
During tapeworm parasitic infections, which type of cell is the most effective?
Eosinophils
Fungi are composed of ______ cells.
Eukaryotic
All IgM antibodies have what region in common?
Fc
Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?
Fc
Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?
Fc
Select all that are nonspecific internal defenses.
Granulocytes such as neutrophils Complement Fever
Leukotrienes
Group of lipids: cause smooth muscle contraction
Prostaglandins
Group of lipids: cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation
HIV blood tests look for the presence of ______ _______ in the blood.
HIV, antibodies
The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from
IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk.
IgA
What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
Which type of antibody functions as an antigen-specific B-lymphocyte receptor?
IgD
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is produced during an allergic reaction and has a half-life in the blood of 2 days.
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulins that are usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half-life in the blood of 23 days.
IgG
Identify the most predominant antibody in the blood and lymph.
IgG
What class of antibody is produced in a much higher concentration during a secondary response?
IgG
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement.
IgM
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is usually a pentamer found mostly in blood.
IgM
Which of the following properties distinguishes specific immunity from nonspecific defense?
Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed. When reexposed to a pathogen, there are usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen.
What does an antigen-presenting cell do to the resulting peptide fragments of a microbe once digestion is complete?
It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane.
Chemical mediator
Kill microorganisms, promote inflammation
Surface chemicals
Lysozymes; prevent microbial growth or kill microorganisms
Antigen presentation requires the physical attachment of antigen to a specialized "antigen holder" called__________
MHC
Self-antigen description
Molecules produced by the body
Identify the leukocyte that secretes cytotoxic chemicals (i.e. perforin).
Natural killer cells
Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted or cancer cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis (cell death)?
Natural killer cells
Which leukocyte is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response?
Neutrophils
Kinins
Polypeptides derived from plasma proteins; cause vasodilation
Physical barrier
Prevent microorganisms from entering the body
Bacteria are made of ______ cells.
Prokaryotic
Interferons
Proteins produced by cells; interfere with virus production
Because they come in direct contact with infected cells, the effector response of ____________ is referred to as cell-mediated immunity.
T-lymphocytes
Identify the antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte.
TCR
Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule.
TCR
An immune cell is observed to present antigen to naive helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Using this information, select all that apply.
The cell is an antigen-presenting cell The cell may be a macrophage The cell may be a dendritic cell The cell may be a B-lymphocyte
Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?
The variable region
Helper T-cells contain ______.
a CD4 protein
After leaving the thymus, helper T-cells contain
a CD4 protein (but no CD8)
Antigens are usually ______.
a protein or large polysaccharide
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______.
a secondary lymphatic structure
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired _______ immunity
active
Which type of hypersensitivity occurs within seconds following exposure to the antigen?
acute
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in ______
acute hypersensitivities
Acquired immunity is also called ______ immunity.
adaptive
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes are part of ______ immunity.
adaptive
A delayed response (also known as the 3rd line of defense) to a specific antigen is produced by:
adaptive immunity
A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by
adaptive immunity
If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as
agglutination
The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The ______ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.
alternative
A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______.
an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC
The memory response of the immune system is also called the ______ response.
anamnestic
The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response
anamnestic
The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response.
anamnestic
A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) ____________ monomer.
antibody
What is the circulating concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen called?
antibody titer
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed
antigens
Protein substances that stimulate adaptive immunity cells are called:
antigens
Helper T-lymphocytes interact with APCs by recognizing
antigen−MHC protein complexes
Cytotoxic T cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by ______.
apoptosis
After getting vaccination, the body develops immunity for that particular pathogen. This type of immunity is:
artificially acquired active
Receiving injections of antibodies following a snake bite is an example of ______.
artificially acquired passive immunity
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens ___________ disorders occur.
autoimmune
Identify the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and nonself-antigens.
autoimmune disorders
Identify the type of infectious agent that is a prokaryote cell.
bacteria
Basophils and mast cells are both proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells. Which of these two cells circulates in the blood?.
basophils
Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ______ shot for tetanus every ten years.
booster
Most vaccines do not trigger a ______-mediated response.
cell
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes attack
cells that display foreign proteins on their surface
T-lymphocytes are a part of ______ immunity.
cellular
Identify the waxy secretion secreted by the external auditory meatus that may trap microbes.
cerumen
Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells.
chemotaxis
Hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed is
cilia
The antibody titer is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody in the ______.
circulating blood
If a nucleated body cell gets infected by a virus, it's MHC class ____ will display the foreign antigen and will be recognized only by ___________ cells carrying CD _______.
class I, cytotoxic T, 8
The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called
class switching
Identify the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies.
classical pathway
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity.
complexity size
The stem of an antibody contains which of the following regions?
constant
IgE molecules attach to mast cells and basophils with their
constant region
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called mad _____________ disease.
cow
Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, a specific type of __________ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.
cytokine
Small proteins called ________ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells
cytokines
Various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell. Identify the name of this process.
cytolysis
MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with:
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
Identify the last event of a fever.
defervescence
Identify the antigen-presenting cells.
dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes
cytotoxic T cell
destroys infected cells via apoptosis
The primary goal of the immune response is
destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection.
diapedesis
What does the antigen-presenting cell do to a microbe once it is engulfed?
digests the microbe into peptide fragments
Hives, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis may occur during the ______ phase of acute hypersensitivity.
effector
The various ways that activated lymphocytes combat an antigen are collectively referred to as the ______ response.
effector
From which structure are leukotrienes made?
eicosanoids
Phagocytic cells ______.
engulf unwanted infectious agents
A patient has a parasitic infection. Upon examination of a blood sample under the microscope, an abundance of granuloctyes are present. These are likely
eosinophils
Identify the immune system cells that are associated with allergies and asthma.
eosinophils
Which type of white blood cell targets multicellular parasites?
eosinophils
Dendritic cells are found in _____ tissues.
epithelial
A process involving proteins that are engulfed from outside a cell is called an ______ pathway.
exogenous
During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called ______.
exudate
A plasma cell is a mature helper T-lymphocyte that produces antibodies
false
B-lymphocytes are activated by presented antigen, initiating the B-lymphocyte effector response. This is an example of cell-mediated immunity.
false
Most bacterial species are pathogenic.
false
Viruses are cells.
false
Pyrexia is the presence of ______.
fever
A B cell is first stimulated by ______.
free antigen
Plasma cells typically produce antibodies ______.
from the lymph nodes
Mycoses are ______ diseases.
fungal
The five major categories of infectious agents include bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasites, viruses, and
fungi
Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?
fungi protozoans multicellular parasites
MHC class I molecules are ______.
glycoproteins
Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.
monocyte
IgG usually exists as a ______.
monomer
Tapeworms are an example of ______.
multicellular parasites
T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called ____ T-lymphocytes.
naive
T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to their specific foreign antigen are called ______ T-lymphocytes.
naive
Identify the immune cell that is part of innate immunity.
natural killer cell
Being exposed to the cold virus and subsequently getting the cold results in ______
naturally acquired active immunity
Mother's milk provides _______________________ immunity to the baby.
naturally acquired passive
Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bind to any self-antigens. This test is called ______.
negative selection
An antibody covers the region of a virus used to bind to a host cell. This is an example of ______.
neutralization
When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be ______.
neutralized
Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?
neutrophils
Natural killer cells provide ______ immunity.
nonspecific
Inflammation is a(n)
nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.
Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
numbness
The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because ______.
of the presence of memory B cells
Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen
on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it
Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an
opsonin
The process of antibodies coating a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it, is called ______.
opsonization
The exogenous pathway involves engulfing pathogens from ______ the cells.
outside
Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular
parasites
Immunity obtained from another individual is called ________ immunity.
passive
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing
perforin and granzymes
Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ______.
perforins and granzymes
Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into _______ cells that produce antibodies.
plasma
Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called _______ cells
plasma
Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called ________ cells.
plasma
Which is not an example of an antigen?
plasma
Activated B lymphocytes differentiate into
plasma cells
Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ______.
plasma membrane
"Complement" refers to a group of
plasma proteins
Foreign antigen example
pollen
T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ______.
positive selection
When antibodies clump together viral particles,they become insoluble, or ______.
precipitated
The first time you are exposed to a particular strain of flu virus, your production of antibodies is called the ______ response.
primary
Identify the small fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in nervous tissue.
prions
plasma cell
produces antibodies
A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______.
protein channel
Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.
proteins
Cytokines are ______.
proteins
The complement system is made of 30 different ______.
proteins
In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _______; their function is to serve as _________.
proteins; chemical messengers
Malaria is an example of a disease caused by ______.
protozoans
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte
recirculation
T-lymphocytes originate in ______ bone marrow
red
Identify the location of leukocyte formation.
red bone marrow
Identify the first event of inflammation.
release chemicals
helper T cell
releases interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells
Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Identify the skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids.
sebaceous gland secretions
Activation of lymphocytes occurs in
secondary lymphoid structures
After T- and B-lymphocytes are formed, they migrate to
secondary lymphoid structures
Typically, a lymphocyte will encounter its first exposure to a foreign antigen in the
secondary lymphoid structures.
High fevers can cause ______.
seizures denaturation of proteins death irreversible brain damage
T-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as ______.
self-tolerance
The second time you are exposed to the same antigen, the lag phase will be ______ and you will produce ______ antibodies
shorter; more
Where are epidermal dendritic cells located?
skin
Viruses are ______ than bacterial cells.
smaller
Antibodies target ______ antigens.
specific
The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called
specific immunity
Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?
spleen
Identify the type of hypersensitivity that occurs within 1 to 3 hours of exposure.
subacute hypersensitivities
Dendritic cells are found in ______.
the skin
The first line of defense of innate immunity includes ______.
the skin
Immunity can be transferred from mother to child. When the child's immunity is acquired:
through the placenta or through breastmilk it is passive immunity
T-lymphocytes mature in the
thymus
Antibody ______ in blood serum is one measure of immunologic memory
titer
The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody
titer
A helper T-lymphocyte must become activated before it can stimulate a B-lymphocyte to produce antibody.
true
Acid is produced by the digestive and reproductive systems, aiding the immune system.
true
Active and passive immunity both can be acquired naturally or artificially.
true
Active immunity results from direct encounter with a pathogen.
true
After complement activation, basophils may degranulate releasing chemicals that causes vasodilation.
true
Due to their particular constant region, an antibody is classified into one of the major structural classes.
true
Eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes
true
Interferon may induce the degradation of viral RNA or DNA and inhibits the synthesis of viral proteins.
true
Interferons are made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses.
true
Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen.
true
Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals.
true
The classical pathway of complement activation requires antigen-antibody interactions.
true
An antibody monomer is made of ______.
two heavy chains and two light chains
When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) _________ , an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.
vaccine
The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ___________ region
variable
What is the region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific?
variable region
Which occurs during inflammation?
vasodilation
Identify the name for the hairs in the nose that trap microbes.
vibrissae
When interferon attaches to a cell,
virus can enter the cell but cannot replicate.
Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets.
viruses
HIV is identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?
when the patient develops an opportunistic infection